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Shipboard Pollution Control U.S. Navy Compliance with MARPOL Annex V (1996) / Chapter Skim
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6 LONG-RANGE OPTIONS: ADVANCED METHODS FOR HANDLING LIQUID WASTE
Pages 34-40

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From page 34...
... There are many variations of the technology, most employing both aerobic and anaerobic treatment. A possible strategy for shipboard use is to destroy the pathogens by aerobic digestion and incinerate the dewatered sludge directly, thereby eliminating the anaerobic digestion processes.
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From page 35...
... When a photon possesses an energy that matches or exceeds the bandgap energy of the semiconductor, an electron is promoted from the valence band into the conduction band, leaving a hole behind. Excited-state conduction-band electrons and valence-band holes can recombine and dissipate the input energy as heat, get trapped in metastable surface states, or react with electron donors and electron acceptors adsorbed on the semiconductor surface or within the surrounding electrical double layer of the charged particles.
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From page 36...
... Fine particle entrapment can be achieved by immobilization on glass beads, immobilization on walls of reaction vessels or tubes, immobilization on fiberglass or woven fibers, and compression of fine particles into ceramic membranes. Another reactor configuration that appears to be promising uses an optical fiber cable as a means of light transmission to solid-supported TiO2.
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From page 37...
... During bubble collapse, which occurs within 100 nsec, H2O undergoes thermal dissociation to give hydroxy radical and hydrogen atoms. Sonochemical reactions are characterized by the simultaneous occurrence of supercritical water reactions, direct pyrolyses, and radical reactions, especially at high solute concentrations.
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From page 38...
... Additional reaction pathways are likely to result from the direct reactions of the rapidly expanding plasma gases with the chemical substrates of interest and from indirect production of OH radicals due to the release of soft x rays and high-energy UV radiation from the energized plasma. In addition, the intense cavitation events induced by the shock waves emanating from the plasma discharge can be used to destroy halogenated hydrocarbons by the above mechanisms, to separate suspended and dissolved solids from water (because of the extremely high pressures that dramatically shift chemical equilibria)
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From page 39...
... Shipboard Compatibility Attributes for Long-Range Technologies SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTROHYDRAULIC ATTRIBUTE ULTRAFILTRATION BIOTREATMENT PHOTOCATALYSIS CAVITATION Status of technology · Widely used in commercial Used on luxury cruise Commercial suppliers available Numerous manufacturers of industry ships ultrasonic equipment are Current used for hazardous producing equipment that can Navy waste stream Commercially available waste remed~abon be modified for waste treatment applications being studied Will be used on future space appl~cabons stations Process versatility Any liquid waste stream Black water Suitable mainly for waterborne Suitable mainly for waterborne requiring concentration, i.e., · Portions of gray water dissolved wastes and dissolved wastes and oily water, gray water, black hazardous wastes at medium hazardous wastes at medium water to low concentration. BOD and to low concentration.
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From page 40...
... · >5 Ib/h/ft2 Commercially available Shipboard liquid waste stream Pulped paper Prototype electrolysis cells being developed Will be commercially available within 2 years Suitable mainly for waterborne dissolved waste and hazardous waste Not available Ship system Radiation shielding Radiation shielding Ventilation Electrical power demands Oxidant storage or ozone Electromagnetic emissions Dissolved oxygen generation Ventilation Ventilation High voltage Installation flexibility · All ships and boats Large surface ships Surface ships Surface ships Submarines Energy requirements · 2 to 5 kW/gal/min flow 1/2 kW/gal/min flow Pumps Startup power Self sustaining from biosludge Ship motion effects None None Not significant Minimal Process sensitivity Need pretreatment to remove None Process susceptible to suspended solids or color power loss End products Probable production of Oxidized organic byproducts CO2 partially oxidized organics at low dose . H2O Oxidized organic compounds Process safety Radiation protection (UV Radiation protection Not significant light)
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Key Terms

  • liquid waste
  • gray water
  • surface ships
  • solute concentrations
  • supercritical water

  • suspended solids
  • waste treatment
  • hydroxyl radical
  • radical reactions
  • hydrogen peroxide

  • water reactions
  • compatibility attributes
  • valence band
  • conduction band
  • chemical contaminants

  • waste stream
  • interfacial region
  • ultrafiltration membranes
  • waste management
  • low solute

  • anaerobic digestion
  • chemical substrates
  • degradation rates
  • waterborne dissolved
  • x rays

  • bilge water
  • reactor configurations
  • requires power
  • optical fiber
  • total organic


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