New Vaccine Development Establishing Priorities: Volume II, Diseases of Importance in Developing Countries (1986) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix D-13: The Prospects for Immunizing Against Rotavirus
Appendix D-13: The Prospects for Immunizing Against Rotavirus
Pages 308-318
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deaths in this age group (Soenarto et al., 1981~. Community studies in developing nations also suggest that both symptomatic and asymptomatic infections result in growth retardation, which may have a significant impact on nutritional status (Mate et al., 1983)
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Strain Wa, the prototype serotype 1 rotav~rus, was originally propagated in African green monkey kidney cells following 11 passages in newborn, germ-free piglets (Wyatt et al., 1980~. Other strains, including DS-1, the serotype 2 prototype strain, were grown following rescue by genetic reassortment with readily cultivated bovine rotaviruses (Greenberg et al., 1981~.
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Recent studies employing a live oral bovine rotavirus vaccine (RIT 4237) indicate that a heterologous antibody response occurs in humans as well (Vesikari et al., 1983~.
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Vaccine preventable illness is defined as that portion of the disease burden that could be prevented by immunization of the entire target population (at the anticipated age of administration) with a hypothetical vaccine that is 100 percent effective (see Chapter 71.
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312 s4 a, to a, P~ o ~o ~o p4 o' U~ U~ ~a s~ Cd a, 1 U)
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The high incidence of this infection in the children of developed nations with excellent standards of hygiene (sanitary feces disposal, clean water supply, and adequate housing) suggests that improvements in the environment of developing nations will not reduce the incidence of the infection.
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Human rotavirus grown in cell culture is another possible vaccine candidate (Kapikian et al., 1985~. Technique S using trypsin-treated virus grown in MA 104 cells or reassortment virus obtained by co-cultivation with bovine rotavirus presumably will permit culture of all major serotypes and subgroups of clinical importance.
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Such trials will require extensive field epidemiology and laboratory backup and undoubtedly will be expensive. Major points at which the National Institutes of Health could have significant leverage include characterization of the virulence factors and relevant protective antigens, production and testing of human cultivated rotavirus vaccine strains in experimental animals and human volunteers, and field tests of ready vaccines.
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1981. Rescue of noncultivable human rotavirus by gene reassortment during mixed infection with ts mutants of cultivable bovine rotavirus.
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1983. Protection studies in colostrum-deprived piglets of a bovine rotavirus vaccine candidate using human rotavirus strains for challenge.
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