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From page 443... ... , 105 Acrylamide, 118, 297-303 ADI, 410 carcinogenic risk estimate, 301-302, 410 443 carcinogenicity, 300 developmental effects, 302 health aspects in humans, 298-299 health aspects in other species, 299302 lifetime cancer risk estimate, 410 metabolism, 298 mutagenicity, 300 SNARL, 410 studies needed, 409 tumor incidence, 301 Action potential, 111 A:D ratio (ratio of adult to developmental toxicity) , 28, 273 Additive risk, 242 ADI, see Acceptable daily intake Adjusted acceptable daily intake (AADI) Read the entire page →
From page 444... ... In ot. her species interpretation of, 22-28 interspecies extrapolation, 133, 177, 193-201, 264-266 intraspecies extrapolation, 264-266 male reproductive toxicity in, 57-59 mouse liver model, 145-147 mouse skin model, 143-145 neurotoxicity in, 131- 133 PCP in, 384 quality and quantity of, 22-25 rat liver model, 145-147 rat physiological constants, 169 rat pup, vaginal opening time in, 8889 rat sperm production rates, 89-90 using, to predict human risk, 143148, 254-255 Antabuse (disulf~am) Read the entire page →
From page 445... ... , 112 Chemical carcinogens, 261 Chemical contaminants, developmental effects of, 11-31 Childhood tumors, 14 Chloramphenicol, 17 Chlordecone, 74 Chloroform, 208-209 Chloroprene, 72, 77 Chloropropanes and chloropropenes (CPs) , 326-337 ADI, 410 carcinogenic risk estimate, 336, 337, 410 carcinogenicity, 335-336 developmental effects, 337 health aspects in humans, 328 health aspects in other species, 328337 lifetime cancer risk estimate, 410 metabolism, 327 mutagenicity, 334-335 neurotoxicity, 334 reproductive effects, 337 SNARL, 410 studies needed, 409 tumor incidence, 336 Cholinergic system, 121 Cholinesterase erythrocyte, 306-308 serum, 306 trichlorfon and, 40-2 Chromosomes, 38 aberrations, 65 Read the entire page →
From page 446... ... phthalate, 349-352 nitrofen, 373-376 pentachlorophenol, 392 trichlorfon, 406 Developmental risk estimate, nitrofen, 376-380 Developmental toxicity, 2, 271-272 conclusions and recommendations, 284-286 defined, 11-12 PCP and, 393-394 quantitative assessment of, 28-30 ratio of adult to (A:D ratio) , 28, 273 relationship between maternal toxicity and, 25-27 Diallate ADI, 410 carcinogenic risk estimate, 410 carcinogenicity, 311 developmental effects, 312 health aspects in humans, 310 health aspects in other species, 310311 metabolism, 310 mutagenicity, 311 neurotoxicity, 311 SNARL, 410 studies needed, 409 tumor incidence, 311 Dibromochloropropane (DBCP) Read the entire page →
From page 447... ... phthalate (DEHP) , 338-359 ADI, 358, 410 carcinogenic risk estimate, 348-349, 410 carcinogenicity, 344-348 developmental effects, 349-352 health aspects in humans, 340 health aspects in other species, 340356 lifetime cancer risk estimate, 410 liver function and, 357 LOEL, 357-358 metabolism, 339-340 mutagenicity, 341-344 NOEL, 357-358 peroxisome proliferation and, 344346 reproductive effects, 352-356 SNARL, 410 studies needed, 409 tumor incidence, 349 Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) Read the entire page →
From page 448... ... , 237, 359368 ADI, 411 carcinogenic risk estimate, 411 carcinogenicity, 365-367 epidemiological studies on, 244 health aspects in humans, 359-360 health aspects in other species, 360367 lifetime cancer risk estimate, 411 mutagenicity, 364-365 reproductive effects, 367 SNARL, 411 studies needed, 409 Ethylene oxide, 77 2-Ethylhexanol, 338; see also Di(2ethylhexyl) phthalate Ethylnitrosourea (ENU) Read the entire page →
From page 449... ... phthalate, 340 ethylene dibromide, 359-360 pentachlorophenol, 387-388 trichlorfon, 398-400 Health aspects in other species acrylamide, 299-303 aldicarb, 304-305 chloropropanes and chloropropenes, 328-334 diallate, 310-311 dibromochloropropane, 316-322 di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, 340-341 ethylene dibromide, 360-364 nitrofen, 370 pentachlorophenol, 388-390 sulfallate, 312-313 trichlorfon, 400-403 Hemispheres, cerebral, 108, 110 Hepatic elimination, 172 f~rst-pass, 204 Herbicides, 75; see also Diallate; Sulfallate; Nitrofen Heritable mutations, 71 Heritable translocations, 66, 79-81 Heroin, 49 Histological evaluation of testis, 91-92 Human nervous system, 107- 131 cellular structure and function, 110113 epidemiological studies, 130- 131 gross structure and function, 107- 110 neurotoxic responses after birth and at maturity, 118- 123 normal developmental structure and function, 113- 115 studies in, 127- 131 susceptibilities of special populations 124-127 Humans adverse pregnancy outcomes in, 1920 Read the entire page →
From page 450... ... , 40, 45, 55 Lifetime cancer risk estimates, 410-411 acrylamide, 410 chloropropanes and chloropropenes, 410 dibromochloropropane, 410 di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, 410 nitrofen, 411 sulfallate, 410 Limbic system, 109, 113 Lipid membranes, perturbation of, 386 Lipofuscin, 125 Liver clearance, 216 function, di(2-ethylhexyl) Read the entire page →
From page 451... ... , 117 Marijuana, 49 Mass-balance equations, 176, 180 Maternal toxicity embryonic toxicity and, 88 malformations and, 25-26 relationship between developmental toxicity and, 25-27 Mathematical functions and model, 280281 Mating index, 73 Maximum likelihood estimates (MLEs) , 256 Maximum tolerated dose (MTD) Read the entire page →
From page 452... ... , 107 "Nested" case-comparison studies, 233 Neuroactive agents, 106 Neurobehavioral changes, 105 Neurological diseases, 125- 130 Neurons, 107, 110- 111 cerebral cortical, 125 sympathetic, 115 Neuroteratology, 106, 115-118 Neurotoxicity, 3-4, 105- 134 in animal data, 131-133 chloropropanes and chloropropenes, 334 chronic, 277 common clinical manifestations of human, 128 conclusions and recommendations, 286-287 diallate, 311 effects of, 105-134 pentachlorophenol, 391 responses, 106-107, 118-123 risk assessment of, 133-134, 276281 trichlorfon, 403 NHANES II (Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) , 230 Nickel sulfate, 74 Nitrofen, 368-382 ADI, 379, 410-411 carcinogenic risk estimate, 372, 373, 410-411 carcinogenicity, 371-372 developmental effects, 373-376 developmental risk estimate, 376-380 health aspects in humans, 369 health aspects in other species, 370 LOEL, 378-379 metabolism, 369 NOEL, 376-379, 381, 382 reproductive effects, 381 SNARL, 410-411 studies needed, 412 tumor incidence, 372 Nitrofuran compounds, 76 Nitrous oxide, 77 No-observed-effect level (NOEL) Read the entire page →
From page 453... ... , 382-396 ADI, 411 in air, 384 in animals, 384 carcinogenic risk estimate, 411 carcinogenicity, 391-392 developmental effects, 392 developmental toxicity and, 393-396 epidemiological studies on, 244 in food, 384 health aspects in humans, 384-385, 387-388 health aspects in other species, 388390 immunotoxicity, 390-391 LOEL, 394-395 metabolism, 385-387 mutagenicity, 391 neurotoxicity, 391 NOEL, 394-395, 396 in sediment, 384 SNARL, 396, 411 in soil, 384 studies needed, 412 in water, 384 Perinatal period, 14 endocrine alterations in, 46-48 Peripheral nervous system (PNS) , 107 Permeability barriers, 112 Persistent estrous syndrome, 46 Pesticides, 106, 129 carbamate, 303-314 reproductive effects in males, 74-75 see also Aldicarb, Diallate; Dibromochloropropane; 1,2-Dichloropropane; 1,3-Dichloropropene; Ethylene dibromide; Nitrofen; Pentachlorophenol; Sulfallate; Trichlorfon Pharmacokinetic models (PB-PK) Read the entire page →
From page 454... ... , 21 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) , 43-44 Polygenic inheritance, 71 Population, study and control, 234, 240 Postimplantation death, 87 Pregnancy, adverse outcomes in humans, 19-20 Preimplantation death, 87 Preimplantation embryo, 12 Preovulatory oocytes, 43 Prespermatogonial cells, 53-54 Presystemic elimination, 212-214 Primordial germ cells, 37 Primordial oocyte destruction, 89 Prolactin, 55 Promoters, 5, 140-141 Prostate function, 68 Psychoteratology, 115-118 Pulmonary exhalation, 172 Pulmonary structure and cell types, 205206 Pyramidal tracts, 109 Q QRA, see Quantitative risk assessment Qualitative risk assessments, 7, 8 Quantification and inference, 239-240 Quantitative risk assessment (QRA) Read the entire page →
From page 455... ... , 322 Skeletal variants, 27 Skin absorption rates, 259 Small intestine, 212 Smoking, cigarette, see Cigarette entries SMR (standard mortality ratio) , 241 SNARLs, see Suggested no-adverseresponse levels Sodium-channel toxins, 121 Sodium intake, 245 Somatic cell mutations, 283 Species sensitivity, 194 Specific locus test, 66, 81-82 Sperm abnormalities, 60 chromosome complement, 64-66 concentration, 63-64 epididymal, 90 interaction with cervical mucus, 6667 interaction with oocytes, 67 morphology, 60-62, 1$5 motility, 61, 62-63, 90-91 production rate, 56, 59, 89-90 toxicity, 55-56 Spermatocytes, 54 primary, 54, 55 secondary, 54-55 Spermatogenesis, 54-55, 56 dibromochloropropane and, 315-316 radiation effect on, 56-57 Spinal cord, 114-115 Spontaneous abortions, 19-20 early, 35-36 Standard mortality ratio (SMR) Read the entire page →
From page 456... ... , 4, 106, 170 TMRC (theoretical maximum residue contribution) , 259 Total Exposure Assessment Measurement (TEAM) Read the entire page →
From page 457... ... , see Chloropropanes and chloropropenes Tris, 77 Trisomies, 70 True-positive or true-negative result, 235 Tubular cross sections, 92 Tumor incidence acrylamide, 301 chloropropanes and chloropropenes, 336 diallate, 311 dibromochloropropane, 324 di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, 349 nitrofen, 372 sulfallate, 313, 314 Tumors childhood, 14 induction, 5 promotion, human, multiple stages in, 148 U Uncertainty factors, 8, 253 Unit risk, 255 Uterine epithelial hypertrophy, 89 V Vaginal opening time in rat pup, 88-89 Venous blood concentration, 183 Viability index, 84 Vial equilibration, 182 Vincristine, 118 Vinyl chloride, 72 Vinylidene chloride, 209 Visual system, 109 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) Read the entire page →

From page 443...

... , 105 Acrylamide, 118, 297-303 ADI, 410 carcinogenic risk estimate, 301-302, 410 443 carcinogenicity, 300 developmental effects, 302 health aspects in humans, 298-299 health aspects in other species, 299302 lifetime cancer risk estimate, 410 metabolism, 298 mutagenicity, 300 SNARL, 410 studies needed, 409 tumor incidence, 301 Action potential, 111 A:D ratio (ratio of adult to developmental toxicity) , 28, 273 Additive risk, 242 ADI, see Acceptable daily intake Adjusted acceptable daily intake (AADI)

Index Pages 443-458

Index
Pages 443-458