Critical Technologies The Role of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (1992) / Chapter Skim
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Materials and Manufacturing
Materials and Manufacturing
Pages 5-19
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From page 6... ...
chemical trade balance, which has been consistently positive in the last decade, grew to a surplus of $19 billion in 1991; by contrast, the United States had a net trade deficit of more than $65 billion in that same year.3 (See Figure 1.)
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From page 7... ...
Improved polymers for food packaging permit safe delivery of food to a larger fraction of the worId's hungry, while recyclability and Carbon fiber reinforces the precision-contoured skin of the B-Z advanced-technology aircraft. The combination of high strength and light weight of the carbon fiber material contributes significantly to the performance of this unique "flying wing" aircraft.
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From page 8... ...
One driving force for the change is the need for weight reduction to obtain improved fuel economy. New high-performance plastic materials have the toughness, hardness, and weather resistance that are required for rigid structural components.
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From page 9... ...
Plastic body panels require a smooth surface finish, fast demolding, and resistance to stress cracking. Improved paint systems with Tower solvent emissions are also needed to meet volatile organic compound emission requirements during manufacture.
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From page 10... ...
The increasing availability of petroleum and natural gas, together with advances in catalytic processing, eventually permitted a nearly complete conversion to chemicals based on these new raw materials. The important products of the petrochemicals industry include chemical building blocks for polymers, synthetic fibers, pharmaceutical intermediates, and fertilizers.
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From page 11... ...
Ceramics have been used for years in the spark plugs of gasoline engines and for jet engine igniters, mainly because of their ability to act as electrical insulators while withstanding high temperatures. Recently, they have begun to replace some metal components in engines: aluminum titanate ceramics in exhaust port liners to reduce cooling system mass and volume, silicon nitride glow plugs in diesel engines for improved starting, and low-inertia silicon nitride turbocharger rotors for faster throttle response.
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From page 12... ...
Ceramic materials technologies may offer automobile buyers engines that are smaller and last longer, while providing sizable savings in fuel Silicon nitride powder is formed in the luminous flame produced by a carbon dioxide laser. economy in comparison with that of today's all-metal engine construction technology.
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From page 13... ...
An example ~ photographic color film, ~ I which multiple him layers are coatcd onto the clear plastic base to provide the storage elements for the recorded image. ^+ a total coating thickness of about 20 microns/ the individual film layers can be as Win as 1 micron/ or 0.001 miNimeter The coming machines that produce photographic Rim and other Dim products operate with high precision at speeds Of Lip to se\ oral thousand feet per minute.
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From page 14... ...
The first major users of linear programming were the oil companies in the late 1950s; ever since, the operations of petroleum refineries have been guided by linear programming to maximize profits by optimizing the product spectrum. Simulation systems capable of analyzing the performance of complete chemical processes also appeared in the late 1950s.
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From page 15... ...
TOP: Barrier bags and laminated polymeric films provide protection and customer appeal for smoked and processed meats. BOTTOM: Heat-set process for molding plastic bottles allows them to withstand the temperatures at which cranberry juice is bottled.
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From page 16... ...
Continued research efforts will result in lighter-weight concrete with improved tensile strength, with both waterproofing and fireproofing directly incorporated into these new materials. Fire-safe builclings.
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From page 17... ...
These enhancements in future construction practices will require interdisciplinary research in which chemists and chemical engineers will continue to play an important role.
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From page 18... ...
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From page 19... ...
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