Improving Productivity in U.S. Marine Container Terminals (1986) / Chapter Skim
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Measures of Marine Container Terminal Productivity
Measures of Marine Container Terminal Productivity
Pages 25-37
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From page 25... ...
Selection of a particular terminal by a shipping line results from considering a multitude of factors, including the terminal charges, the turnaround time for the ship, the nearness of the terminal to the container shippers or receivers, the convenience of the terminal to the hinterland infrastructure (road, rail, feeder shipping) , and Workshop participants are listed in Appendix D
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From page 26... ...
Wide variations of labor costs exist across the United States, and even larger variations exist when compared with labor costs abroad. It is fair to say that most of the parties involved in container terminals use such cost measures in their daily business, although there is no unanimity on which measures are the most appropriate and, under any circumstance, these measures are considered highly proprietary.
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From page 27... ...
The Container Yard Unlike the traditional finger pier and storage shed operation, which characterize break bulk operations, a container terminal requires an expanse of flat land for temporary container storage. If a broad expanse of land is available, then it may be possible to stow individual containers on wheeled chassis; if the land area is small it may be necessary to stack the containers, two, three, or more high.
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From page 28... ...
Most of the labor in a marine terminal is union labor, and the productivity of labor is obviously dependent, in part, on the negotiated work rules. This includes the number and type of workers required for the individual gangs, the hours worked, specialization of crafts, and overtime work requirements.
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From page 29... ...
Usable land space is a -scarce commodity, and modern container terminals require a significantly larger amount of space than the storage sheds previously used in break bulk cargoes. As a result of the national concern for the environment, traditional methods for creating new lands using landfill are restricted, and the filling process, if allowed, is carefully monitored.
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From page 30... ...
A PROFILE OF PRODUCTIVITY MEASURES As a result of the variety of different elements and different constituencies involved in determinating the productivity of a marine terminal, there do not appear to be any two terminals whose situations are so similar that they can be called equivalent. It is clear that any single measure of marine terminal productivity would not be able to take into account all of the important facets that affect a marine terminal operation.
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From page 31... ...
"Downtime" is time that the crane is unavailable when required for operation due to any cause, such as breakdown or other delays. The net crane productivity measure reflects the ability of the crane and crane driver to work a ship when the loading process is limited by crane productivity, whereas the gross crane productivity measure reflects the crane activity, including all of the delays due to mechanical reliability, the ability of the gang to supply the crane with loads, and their ability to remove the discharged containers from the crane.
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From page 32... ...
1 Gross crane productivity clearly depends on the net crane productivity as well as on other factors. Typical factors reducing gross crane productivity are: breaks in yard support; crane and spreader breakdown; unavailability of required freight for loading; and .
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From page 33... ...
8. The Yard Two measures of productivity related to the yard are proposed: TEUs/yea~ Yard throughput: gross acre and Yard storage productivity: TEUs capacity net storage acre In these measures a TEU is used since it defines a footprint area.
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From page 34... ...
overlap between quay-side and land-side operations. The factors that influence both yard throughput productivity and yard storage productivity are: .
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From page 35... ...
The net gate throughput productivity measures the ability of the gate to pass revenue freight through, whereas the gross gate throughput productivity reflects the ability of the gate to handle the volume of required traffic. Factors that influence both of the throughput measures and the turnaround time are: modal mix including (a)
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From page 36... ...
The factors that influence the gross labor productivity are: amount and quality of management preplanning; . effectiveness of supervision including communication skills and information flow; skill, experience, availability, and training of the work force; required gang size; .
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From page 37... ...
The availability of this information would provide a firm basis for comparison between ports. For this reason, the proposed measures of terminal productivity were not expressed in terms of cost and were kept to the smallest number that would adequately characterize a terminal's activity.
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