International Benchmarking of US Materials Science and Engineering Research (1998) / Chapter Skim
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2. Introduction
2. Introduction
Pages 17-26
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From page 17... ...
Maintaining world leadership in materials essential to the design and manufacture of weapons will have high national pnority. To be leaders in industrial growth and to promote a vibrant economy, it is critical that the United States be among the worId's leaders in all the subfields of materials science and engineering research.
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From page 18... ...
The field of materials science and engineering research seeks to explain and control one or more of four basic elements: The properties or phenomena of a material that make it interesting or useful; The perfonnance of a material; that is, the measurement of its usefulness in actual conditions of application; The structure and composition of a material, including the type of atoms that determine its properties and perfonnance and their arrangement; and The synthesis and processing by which the particular arrangements of atoms are achieved (NRC 19891. For the purposes of this report, the Pane]
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It is important to appreciate that the classifications are arbitrary and overlapping. For example, supertough materials based on abalone shell biomimetrics are both biomaterials and composites.
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20 International Benchmarking of US Matenals Science and Engineenug Research Figure 2.~: Inter~relationships among materials categories Biomaterials Composite Materials superconducting Materials Electronic Materials 1 1 Magnetic Materials // L f l l l \ Metals Optical/Photonic Materials . Polymers \ \\\ Catalysts Ceramics
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From page 21... ...
artificial hearts, ultra-tough ceramic tank armor modeled on the molecular structure of abalone shells, biodegradable plastics for packaging, and nanofabricated circuit patterns on silicon for living neurons. Ceramics: Materials made from nonmetallic inorganic Superconducting materials: Materials that carry rn~nerals.
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Nearly all of science and engineering are involved in some way with some aspect of matenals; the field involves internal and external interactions with the science and engineering communities at large. Scientists and engineers in many disciplines, including solid-state physics, chemistry, electronics, biology, and mechanics not just those with materials science and engineering degrees provide many of the ideas and motivation for matenals science and engineering research.
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From page 23... ...
To the extent possible, in this report, specific countries are mentioned in connection with particular areas of science and technology. Because of the enormous breadth of the field, it is necessary to divide materials science arid engineering research into subfields, each of which is also extremely broad.
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Although departments of materials science and engineering are often found in schools of engineering in the United States, they are commonly found in schools of science or natural history abroad. d~sc~nl~narv backgrounds.
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That is, would the United States gain, maintain, or lose position with respect to its current state? Section 6 of the report discusses the Panel's predictions for each of the subfields assessed.
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From page 26... ...
26 International Benchmarking of US Materials Science and Engineering Research
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