International Benchmarking of US Materials Science and Engineering Research (1998) / Chapter Skim
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3. Determinants of Scientific Leadership
3. Determinants of Scientific Leadership
Pages 27-50
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From page 27... ...
. The Panel focused on 5 determinants as particularly important to US leadership in the various subfields of matenals science and engineering: National imperatives: To what extent do national imperatives for defense, infrastructure development, or international competitiveness influence science and technology policy?
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From page 28... ...
The global spread of nuclear weapons capabilities, the growing intensity of intercontinental ballistic missile development, and the space race placed demands on the materials science and engineering communities for advanced matenals that would give the United States a strategic edge. Also in the 1950s, leading industnal laboratories had a growing interest in materials research and development and set up well-equipped interdisciplinary laboratories that contnbuted to economic growth.
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From page 29... ...
NSF and DOE also support the work. Programs are funded by mission agencies, such as DARPA, or the defense science offices (ONR, Army Research Office, and Air Force Office of Scientific Research)
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From page 30... ...
Examples include catalysts used to control hydrocarbon arid nitrogen oxide emissions and on-board sensors required by the Clears Air Act for mon~tonng automobile emissions. The matenals subfields Examples used Box 3.1 The Federation of Materials Societies The Federation of Materials Societies (FMS)
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From page 31... ...
Such associations arid collaborations greatly facilitate awareness arid global exchange of fast-breaking developments in the field. intemationally, · To promote information exchange among national or regional societies with interests in interdisciplinary materials research, and to work to coordinate their activities, and · To promote communication of international materials research activities through appropriate media and to encourage well-established materials research symposia to rotate through available meeting sites of materials research societies.
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From page 32... ...
By "major facilities," we mean facilities that have unique research capabilities that are too expensive for any one entity to support. In the case of materials research, these facilities include sources of neutrons, synchrotron radiation, high-energy electrons, and high magnetic fields.
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From page 33... ...
.slons Polymer RISM theory Theory of microsphere polymer structure Theory of complex fluids Colloids and polymers Neutron-scattering methods for structures St~cture of copolymers Properties of polymer blocks S~ucture of disordered systems Source: Adapted from, Neutron Sources for America 's Future: Report of the Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee Panel on Neutron Sources, Department of Energy, DOE/ER-0576P, 1993.
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Table 3.2 US Research Reactors Facility | Agency | Year | The~malFlux/Power | Operation Cost ($ million FY 1996)
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From page 35... ...
3.3.2. Syr~chrotror' Sources Table 3.6 provides statistics on the synchrotron sources in the United States and other G7 countries based on a recent report from a DOE advisory committee (DOE, 1997~.
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at Argonne National Lab, National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) at Brookhaven National Lab, and Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL)
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From page 37... ...
There is some concern within the synchrotron radiation source community that the development of third-generation sources in Eurone fsuch as ESFR and Elettra) will attract users away from second-ceneration sources in the ~ T ', ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~' ~ ~ ~ ~ · · ~ ~ ~ , , ~ ~~ .
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From page 38... ...
Physical tests must still be performed, but less often, and their role is mmmed to determining material properties and validating computer simulations. Aside from saving time and money, the simulations allow scientists to use helpful but complex mathematical methods, such as finite-element analysis, that would be almost impossible to use efficiently without parallel processing.
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, Center for Superconductivity, Advanced Liquid Crystalline Optical Matenals (ALCOM) , and Center for High Performance Polymeric Adhesives and Composites.
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Recent themes have included scale-dependent mechanical phenomena in matenals; aging, deterioration, and accelerated testing of materials; and material behavior in product and structural design. All of these centers have strong multidisciplinary components, and they aid essential university-university and university-industry interactions at the doctoral and postdoctoral level.
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From page 41... ...
`~ Fed&Other Gvt~sition O Self Employed & Others ,` Unemployed & Seeking l Source: Analysis conducted by the National Research Council's Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel ASM-~ternational has compiled a listing of materials faculties (ceramics, matenals, metallurgy, and polymers) at educational institutions around the world (except for those in the former Soviet republics)
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From page 42... ...
1273 1717 1921 2558 3117 4051 L 7.2%1~ 13.0%| 8.2%| 10.8%| 10.5°/o 3.6% 3.oo/o 7.6% 3.5o/o 5.6% 6.1 % 3.6% 2.5% ~ 5.4% 4.7o/o S.3o/o 4.4o/o 2.4% 1.9% 2.1 % 5.2% 6.4% 6.6% 0.2% 1.9% 2.3% o.7o/o 3.8% 4.1 % 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 74.2% 87.1 % 75.1 % 76.1 % 66.5% 64.0% 1.8 % 2.2 % 4.4 % 4.7 % 5.5 % 5.8 % 9.oo/o 0.6% 1.1% 3.8% 3.oo/ 4.7o/o 5.3 o/o o.5 o/o 0.6 % o. o o/o 2.8 % 2.0 % 0.0 % 0.2 % 1.4 % 1.3 % 1.1 % 2.2 % ~ , °.o%l o.o%l o.o%l o.o%l o.o%l 0.0% Source: Analysis conducted by the National Research Council's Office of Scientific ar~d Engineering P~ rsonnel of data from survey of Doctorate Recipients (SDR)
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From page 43... ...
2 % 0.6 % 2.8 % 10.0% 20.5°/a 19.4% 17.6% 12.8% 16.7% - 40.9% 45.4°/a 52.5% 43.9% 31.5% 36.3% . 59.1 % 54.6°/a 47.5% 56.1 % 68.5% 63.7% Source: Analysis conducted by the National Research Council's Office of Scientific and Engineenng Personnel Total Research Basic Research .
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From page 44... ...
This is particularly true for polymers, biomaterials, composites, catalysts, and electronic materials, among others. For example, there are 16 programs in polymer science in the United States, but most graduate students in polymers study in departments of chemistry and chemical engineering.
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International Benchmarking of US Materials Science and Engineering Research 45 Figure 3.3 MetallurgicalMaterials Engineering Graduate Students in All Institutions, by Race-Ethnici~ and Citizenship, 1993 Noncitizens 40.3% Other or unknow 3.2% White, non-Hispanic 47.4% Black, non-Hspanic Hspani n-Arrerican Anerican Indian Figure 3.4 All Engineering Graduate Students in All Institutions, by Race-Ethnicity and Citizenship, 1993 Noncitizens 33.6% Other or unknow n 4.9% Black, non-Hspanic am_ 2.2% . Asian-American 2.3Y 7.7% White, non-Hspanic 49.2% American Indian 0.0% Figure 3.5 All Science Graduate Students in All Institutions, by Race-Ethnicity and Citizenship, 1993 Noncitizens Other or unknow n 20.2C 3.8% _ A Terican Indian 0.4% ~ Hispanic ~ 51 3.4% \._ ~ Black, non-Hspanic~ || 4.6% _ Asian-American 4.8% White, non-l~spanic 62.8% Source: National Science Foundation, Women, Minorities, and Persons with Disabilities in Science and Engineering: 1996, NSF 96-3 1 1 .
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From page 46... ...
. 7.8 8.2 6.1 75.9 _ 24.1 · Earn, atmosphere, and marine 78.9 21.1 82.6 17.4 _ ~ ~ ~ "Mm~I~ ~1 ~~b~v Totals Percentage of physical sciences Engineering · Ceramic sciences · Materials sciences · Metallurgical · Mining and mineral · Polymer and plastics Totals Percentage of engineering _ _ 6,O07 5,313 _ 39 34 476 392 73 ~ ~_68 .
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From page 47... ...
Excludes classified research and development and most development activities fimded under DOD's specific systems R&D programs. a, President's budget request; b, congressional appropnations; c, actual expenditures l ~ FY FY93b 0 FY94a 1 l .
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From page 48... ...
, . Health and FY94 92.9 Human FY93 85.9 Services FY92 79.6 National FY94 131.1 Aeronautics FY93 102.8 and Space FY92 76.3 A`l~nm~strat~on National FY94 328.0 Science FY93 303.6 Foundation FY92 265.6 United States FY94 45.8 Department of FY93 37.4 Agnculture FY92 36.3 Total program includes construction and operating costs for major national user facilities.
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From page 49... ...
The percentage of research and development investment for matenals and industrial technology within the European Union increased Mom Il°/O in 1984 to 16% in 1987 and has stayed constant. Materials technologies constituted 9.~°/O of Eureka projects in 1992.
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From page 50... ...
. Figure 3.S National Science Foundation Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Average Annualized Award Size, Competitive Research Grants, 1992-1996, US S Thousands 250 _ 200cO~ ~100~ Astronorry Chemistry l~terials l~thematics Physics Research (DMS)
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