International Benchmarking of US Immunology Research (1999) / Chapter Skim
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2. Benchmarking Results
2. Benchmarking Results
Pages 21-34
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From page 21... ...
and 2.2, the United States is clearly dominant in number of papers published in immunology. It produced 63% of the worId's papers in immunology in 1981-1996; no other country produced 10%, and only one produced even 5%.
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^^ In[e~ho~ Benc_ng of US I~-olo~ ah Figure 2.1 Coniribu1ion of United States and giber Nations 1e lmmunolo~ Paper in 1981-1996 ego/ on go BUS Other Nations Source: Caucused Rom data obtained gem Institute far Sc~ndOc I^~ion on ~gh~mpac1 .
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From page 23... ...
International Benchmarking of US Immunology Research Figure 2.2 Percentage of Worlds Papers in Immunolgy from 1981-1996, by CountIy 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 ,~,~,~,1,1 4~>,,a'~ '~ ~~ O~ ~~ ~~x <~ afar 23 .~ ~~ ~~~ (/ ~~ ^~ ~ 1 , ~ , ~ , ~ Country 1 ~1 ~0~ An' ~> ,, Source: Calculated from data obtained from the Institute for Scientific Information database on High Impact papers in Immunology.
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From page 24... ...
An advantage of our approach is that it incorporates the opinions of a variety of respected members of the immunology community: up-and-coming leaders as well as established ones, investigators from all over the world, and leaders of all sub-subfields, both basic and clinical. The disadvantages are multiple: variable modes of polling, a variable sample size that was usually too small to allow statistical treatment of the data, lack of objective criteria, and nonproportionate sampling of researchers in countries outside the United States.
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International Benchmarking of US Immunology Research Figure 2.3 Contribution of United States and Other Nations to Immunology Citations in 1981-1997 34o/o 66% 25 ·US Other Nations Source: Calculated from data obtained from the Institute for Scientific Information database on High Impact papers in Immunology.
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From page 26... ...
It does suffer Dom the usual weaknesses of any analysis based on publication data, including the dominance of English as the language of international discourse and the vagaries of the peer-review journal-acceptance process. 2.2 Results Although the three criteria for evaluating US research efforts in immunology were quite distinct and had different strengths and flaws they led to basically the same conclusion: immunology research in the United States is pre-eminent in the world.
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From page 27... ...
International Benchmarking of US Trnununology Research Table 2.1 Immunology International Reputation Survey Results P0~ .
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However, in Nature, Science, and Immunity, US-based researchers published more papers in immunogenetics than nonUS-based researchers. The United States had more papers published in all five journals in the subfield of molecular immunology.
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Of course the dominance needs to be weighed in relation to the relative richness of the United States in numbers of investigators, institutions and resources.
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Pape~ Fraction oF ret r World's World's Citations Papers UNII] :D STATES 632,326 66.03 2,360 63.39 1.04 BELGIUM 11,626 1.21 44 1.18 1.03 AUSTPU\LIA 16,701 1.74 65 1.75 1.00 S\VIT~PULAl~D 38,487 4.02 153 4.11 0.98 ENGLAND 69,645 7.27 278 7.47 0.97 JAPAN 31,689 3.31 127 3.41 0.97 FRANCE 33,877 3.54 139 3.73 0.95 SWEDEN 13,865 1.45 57 1.53 0.95 CANADA 23,329 2.44 101 2.71 0.90 ISRAEL 6,098 0.64 27 0.73 0.88 NETHERLANDS 21,378 2.23 95 2.55 0.87 DENMARK 3,910 0.41 18 0.48 0.84 GERMANY 34,927 3.65 164 4.41 0.83 ITAiLY 15,746 1.64 75 2.01 0.82 SCOTLAND 4,009 0.42 20 0.54 0.78 Totals 957,613 -- 3,723 Source Calculated from data obtained from the Institute for Scientific Information database on High Impact papers in Immunology.
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From page 31... ...
International Benchmarking of US Immunology Research 31 ..' Figure 2.4 Percentage of World's Citations in Immunology in 1981-1997, by Country To 60 50 40 30 20 1n City =0~ `~ Source: Calculated from data obtained Tom the Institute for Scientific Information database on High Impact Papers in Immunology.
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From page 32... ...
Panel members reviewed tables of contents and decided subfields of immunology of each paper Tables 2.4 Authorship of Immunology Papers in Cell, 1995-1997 Subfield No.~%)
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From page 33... ...
Pane' members reviewed tables of contents and decided subfields of immunology of each paper Table 2.7 Authorship of Immunology Papers in Science, 1995-1997 Subfield No.~°/O)
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34 International Benchmarking of US Immunology Research
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