International Benchmarking of US Immunology Research (1999) / Chapter Skim
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3. Key Factors
3. Key Factors
Pages 35-42
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From page 35... ...
3.l Funding Each is assessed in more depth below relative to how the United States compares to Both the US and foreign members of the pane! generally agreed that the structure and financial-support mechanisms of the major research institutions in the United States and the structure and mechanisms for provision of research-grant support by government and private granting agencies constitutes a major factor in the success of the US scientific enterprise in immunology and in almost even field of biomedical research.
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From page 36... ...
Additional private sources of immunology funding in the United States are the American Cancer Society, the Juvenile Diabetes Foundation, the Arthritis Foundation, and the Multiple Sclerosis Society. Funding for training grants for predoctoral fellows and postdoctoral fellows also comes from a wide variety of institutes of NISI and from private sources.
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From page 37... ...
This has given US research institutions a greater ability than foreign institutions to attract graduate students arid postdoctoral fellows from other countries. The flexibility of funding based primarily on peer review and the merit of applications have made the United States a more attractive country for talented researchers at higher ranks to settle and pursue their research careers.
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From page 38... ...
Zinkernagel Switzerland Australia/ United States/ Switzerland Switzerland Source: Analysis conducted by panel members for this report. In some cases, it is because of the centralized government control of medical schools and research institutions.
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From page 39... ...
, the necessity for patent protection has sometimes impeded the flow of information Tom research developments In biotechnology and pharmaceutical firms. The ability of biotech firms and large pharmaceutical firms to take discoveries from academic research into startup companies and then large firms and into clinical application has been an overall benefit for the development of clinical immunology in the United States.
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From page 40... ...
808 MultinationalCompany Market Cap Turnover Profi~/Loss R&D Costs Employees Merck 114894 18216.9 3566 1366.1 49100 Johnson & Johnson 78847 19531.6 2652 1750.1 89300 Bristol-Myers Squibb 74174 13840.2 2618 1172.3 51200 EliLilly 55517 6749.7 1400 1093.3 29200 Pfizer 35479 10386.8 1772 1547.1 46500 Source: Ernst & Young, 1998a
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From page 41... ...
. Financial Revenues 648 433 50% 2725 1721 58% R&D expense 534 243 120% 1910 1508 27% Net loss 347 73 375% 2020 1 1 13 81% Industry Number ofCompaNes 61 49 24% 1036 716 45% Employees 8418 5315 58% 39045 27500 42% USA Public Companies Industry total Current Prior Percent Current Prior Percent Year Year Change Year Year Change Financial Revenues 12862 10565 22% 15985 13413 19% R&D expense 5145 4226 22% 8268 7258 14% Net loss 1654 2021 -18% 3767 4134 -9% Industry Number ofCompaues 317 294 8% 1274 1287 -1% Employees 94000 73000 29% 140000 118000 19% Source: Ernst & Young, 1998a 41
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From page 42... ...
42 International Benchmarking of US Immunology Research Figure 3.l U.S. Net Trade Balance: Biotechnology, 1990-1996 M 1 000 i 900 o n 800 s D o o ~ 700 f I a U r 600 S s Source: NSF, 1998 A · ~ \ \ t 500 ~ I , I 1 990 1 991 1 992 1 993 \ \ 1 994 1 995 1 996
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