International Benchmarking of US Immunology Research (1999) / Chapter Skim
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4. Likely Future Position
4. Likely Future Position
Pages 43-50
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From page 43... ...
The current practice of protecting intellectual property has the potential to restrict the two-way flow of information between academic institutions and the biotechnology industry in the life sciences, including immunology. That applies to reduction in sharing both research materials and information.
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1997) indicate that the increasing dominance of HMOs in funding medical care in the United States potentially has an increasingly adverse elect on clinical research in general and clinical immunolo~v in Darticular.
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There is also a loss of MD talent in the field because of the cost of education and the salary differentials after completion of degree work. In the United States, while there has been a downward trend in the number of PhD immunologists in academic positions, there has been a steady increase in the number of none tenure-track appointments as shown in Table 4.2.
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46 International Benchmarking of US Immunology Research Figure 4.l Number of PhD Students in Immunology in the United States, 1977-1996 270 220 0 170 o ° 120 70 20 / l l 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 Years Source: Analysis conducted by National Research Council's Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel of Survey of Doctorate Recipients for this study.
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of Permanent-Resident Supported by Permanent-Resident Doctorates Supported Year Doctorates Doctorates NIH Supported by NIH By NIH 1977 101 90 39 39 - 43% 1978 94 86 43 43 50% 1979 134 131 56 55 42% 1980 125 119 49 49 41% 1981 148 141 61 60 43% 1982 151 136 66 66 49% 1983 154 137 58 58 42% 1984 133 121 43 42 35% 1985 124 113 42 42 37% 1986 146 129 54 53 41% 1987 136 113 45 44 39% 1988 179 164 43 43 26% 1989 152 136 49 49 36% 1990 153 129 46 46 36% 1991 177 140 47 46 33% 1992 181 155 60 60 39% 1993 169 131 47 46 35% 1994 161 143 51 51 36% 1995 190 171 62 62 36% 1996 238 198 81 80 40% Source: Analysis conducted by National Research Council's Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel of Survey of Earned Doctorates for this study.
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48 International Benchmarking of US Immunology Research Figure 4.2 Percentage of US Citizen and Permanent-Resident PhD Students in Immunology Supported by National Institutes of Health, 1977 - 1996 50 45 40 35 _~ o In 30 25 20 5 0 A , , W; l 1 977 1 9 79 1 9 8 1 1 9 8 3 1 9 8 5 1 9 87 1 9 8 9 1 9 9 1 1 9 9 3 1 9 9 5 Years Source: Analysis conducted by National Research Council's Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel of Survey of Earned Doctorates for this study.
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0.0°/. 6.4% 0.1% 0.2°/ 0.0% 0.8% 0.0% 2.1% OA% Elem~nbuy and HGghSchoolTeacb~ 0.0% 0.0°/e 0.0% 0.0% 0.0°/e 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.5% 0.8% Source: Analysis conducted by the National Research Councilts O~cc of Scicntic and Engineering P~onncl of Sunny of Doctorate Recipients far this study.
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so International Benchmarking of US Immunology Research
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