Securing America's Industrial Strength (1999) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix A
Appendix A
Pages 53-98
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From page 53... ...
on actual research obligations, federal spending on the research part of R&D peaked in 1993 and by 1997 was 2.2 percent less in real terms.3 ~ That is 56.7 percent of basic research and 30.0 percent of applied research. Industry spending on research did not exceed the federal government's support until 1995.
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From page 54... ...
This occurred in part because of real growth in research spending by agencies that favor basic research, NIH and NSF, which offset decreases at DOD, DOE, and other agencies with shrinking research budgets. In 1993,66 percent of NIH's research budget and 93 percent of NSF's were classified as basic research; TABLE A-1 Trends in Federal Research Funding Obligations, FY 1993-1997 (millions of 1998 dollars)
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From page 55... ...
In 1993, for example, DOD provided the majority of federal support of research in electrical engineering (82 percent) , mechanical engineering (75 percent)
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From page 56... ...
. ngmeenng Aeronautical 18.3 81.4 0.3 Astronautical 21.3 78.7 Chemical 28.4 42.2 15.8 13.6 Civil 39.4 12.5 48.1 Electrical 82.1 4.9 6.8 6.2 Mechanical 75.4 8.6 7.4 8.6 Metallurgy & materials 73.3 9.6 6.0 11.1 Physical Sciences Astronomy 2.2 75.8 16.0 6.0 Chemistry 16.6 29.2 16.9 37.3 Physics 18.1 61.9 10.6 9.4 Life Sciences Biological 3.8 82.4 4.5 9.3 Environmental biology 13.8 34.2 52.0 Agricultural 82.0 18.0 Medical 5.1 2.4 83.5 9.0 Mathematical & computer sciences Mathematics 27.8 23.7 28.5 20.0 Computer sciences 57.3 12.5 15.4 14.8 Environmental Sciences Atmospheric 52.3 13.1 34.6 Geological 21.6 17.2 61.2 Oceanography 18.5 23.0 58.5 Note: Percentages greater than 50 percent are in bold to highlight dominant funders.
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From page 57... ...
The information is collected in a number of relevant categories that can be cross-tabulated in useful ways for an analysis of trends in federal research funding. For example, federal obligations for research are classified as basic research or applied research in 19 natural science and engineering fields.6 Research performed by universities and colleges 6 The NSF survey also includes obligations for research in the social and behavioral sciences.
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From page 58... ...
are to be reported as "Other science, n.e.c.," where "n.e.c." means "not elsewhere classified." Multidisciplinary projects that fall within a broad field and single-discipline projects that cannot be classified within one of the listed subfield categories are to be reported as "Engineering, n.e.c." or "Mathematics & computer sciences, n.e.c.," etc. As shown in Table A-3, the n.e.c.
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From page 59... ...
Electrical Engineering In 1993 DOD provided 82 percent of the federal funding for electrical engineering. DOD support dropped 40.3 percent between 1993 and 1997 in real terms, which accounted for most of the net drop of 35.7 percent in federal support of the field (see Figure A- 1 and Table Am.
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From page 60... ...
60 APPENDIX A TABLE A-3 Constant Dollar Changes in Federal Obligations for Research, Selected Fields, All Versus University Performers, FY 1993-1997 (millions of constant 1998 dollars) All Performers 1993 1997 % Change Universities 1993 1997 % Change All fields30,095.729,922.1-0.610,681.910,984.32.8 Engineering, total6,154.95,798.1-5.8993.81,006.71.3 Aeronautical1,335.21,378.33.258.350.2-13.8 Astronautical552.9607.69.922.817.9-21.5 Chemical274.8239.4-12.973.263.9-12.7 Civil282.0280.8-0.442.246.08.9 Electrical986.6634.0-35.7219.0149.1-31.9 Mechanical522.6259.4-50.4131.377.6-40.9 Metallurgy/materials778.6877.012.6224.5266.218.5 Engineering, n.e.c.1,422.41,521.57.0222.4335.851.0 Physical Sciences, total4,954.74,227.3-14.71,312.41,186.0-9.6 Astronomy768.1789.42.8134.4171.227.4 Chemistry943.7861.5-8.7389.4347.4-10.8 Physics2,952.92,106.8-28.7680.5532.0-21.8 Physical sciences, n.e.c.290.1469.661.9108.1135.425.3 Life Sciences, total12,056.112,901.37.06,156.16,690.58.7 Biological sciences5,360.85,421.01.13,072.73,566.916.1 Environmental biology622.8593.6-4.7179.6149.4-16.8 Agricultural sciences797.9653.5-18.1167.0176.45.6 Medical sciences4,929.45,637.614.42,614.92,585.4-1.1 Life sciences, n.e.c.345.0595.772.6121.9212.574.3 Mathematics & Computer Sciences, total1,371.51,703.524.2548.5582.46.2 Mathematics325.5307.3-5.6152.1130.7-14.0 Computer sciences924.61,288.739.4378.1427.213.0 Mathematics & computer sciences, n.e.c.121.4107.5-11.518.424.633.8 Environmental Sciences, total2,919.43,103.46.3660.8684.83.6 Atmospheric1,101.41,186.47.7178.6209.717.4 Geological893.0704.9-21.1211.0126.6-40.0 Oceanography523.1609.016.4164.2219.533.7 Environmental sciences n.e.c.402.0603.050.0107.0129.120.7
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From page 61... ...
1,200 1 ,000 800 o C) a, 600 400 200 O ~\ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1 9g5 1996 1997 | All Performers Universities & Colleges FIGURE A-1 Constant dollar trends in federal funding of electrical engineering research, FY 1990-1997.
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From page 62... ...
NSF also reduced its support by 25.4 percent. TABLE A-4 Federal Obligations for Electrical Engineering Research, All Performers, by Agency, FY 1990-1997 (millions of constant 1998 dollars)
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From page 63... ...
The next two largest federal funders, DOE and NSF, also reported that they had reduced their levels of support. As a result, net federal support of mechanical engineering research was 50.4 percent less in 1997 than in 1993 in real terms, as reported in the NSF survey.
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From page 64... ...
TABLE A-6 Federal Obligations for Mechanical Engineering Research, All Performers, by Agency, FY 1990-1997 (millions of constant 1998 dollars) Changes 1993-1997 1990199119921993 1994 199519961997AmountPercent USDA5.35.24.13.9 3.7 3.63.43.1-0.8-20.2 Commerce1.83.43.45.4 5.6 7.15.54.4-1.0-19.0 DOD225.3234.5246.5394.0 276.5 291.9240.6187.4-206.6-52.4 DOE21.858.049.944.8 40.5 40.118.317.0-27.8-62.0 DHHS0.00.00.00.0 0.0 0.00.00.00.00.0 NIH0.00.00.00.0 0.0 0.00.00.00.00.0 Interior0.91.50.90.2 0.9 0.90.20.2-0.1-25.8 EPA4.92.74.30.0 0.0 0.00.00.00.00.0 NASA19.522.515.717.5 18.5 19.018.618.61.16.2 NSF36.547.538.938.9 39.7 60.67.77.5-31.4-80.7 All others15.021.323.717.8 14.6 22.219.121.23.419.2 TOTAL330.9396.7387.4522.5 400.0 445.5313.4259.4-263.1-50.4 Note: Constant-dollar conversions were made using the GDP deflators in OMB (1998, Table 10.1)
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From page 65... ...
maintained or increased their funding of physics research, federal funding fell 28.7 percent between 1993 and 1997. University physics research did a little better, losing 12.5 percent of its federal support in real terms in the same period (see 3,500 3,000 2,500 En o 2,000 1 ,500 1 ,000 500 0 \ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 | All Performers Universities & Colleges | FIGURE A-3 Constant dollar trends in federal funding of physics research, FY 19901997.
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From page 66... ...
TABLE A-8 Federal Obligations for Physics Research, All Performers, by Agency, FY 1990-1997 (millions of constant 1998 dollars) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Change.
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From page 67... ...
Support of mathematics research at universities fell by 14.1 percent between 1993 and 1997, and in this case DOE and NSF support also declined while NASA and NIH support increased (see Table A-11~. 400 350 300 O 250 Do ~ 200 o ·° 150 ._ 100 50 o - ,, \ ~ / 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 All Performers Universities & Colleges FIGURE A-4 Constant dollar trends in federal funding of mathematics research, FY 1990-1997.
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From page 68... ...
. TABLE A-ll Federal Obligations for University Mathematics Research (basic and applied)
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From page 69... ...
, but none were large in absolute terms. The pattern in federal support of university chemistry research was very similar (10.8 1 ,200 1 ,000 - 800 o oo 600 o tn o 400 200 O 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 ~All Performers Universities & Colleges ~ FIGURE A-5 Constant dollar trends in federal funding of chemistry research, FY 19901997.
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From page 70... ...
Holding NSF constant, because some research classified as chemistry in 1993 was apparently reclassified as "physical sciences, n.e.c" after 1995, reduces the federal cuts slightly, to 8.2 percent overall and 9.2 percent in university research. TABLE A-12 Federal Obligations for Chemistry Research, All Performers, by Agency, FY 1990-1997 (millions of constant 1998 dollars)
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From page 71... ...
400 7 \ 100 50 O 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 |- All Performers Universities & Colleges | FIGURE A-6 Constant dollar trends in federal funding of chemical engineering research, FY 1990-1997. Source: Tables A-14 and A-IS.
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From page 72... ...
19901991199219931994199519961997 Changes 1993-1997 Amount Percent USDA 0.1 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.30.0 DOD 1.7 2.2 3.5 7.8 1.3 5.1 5.3 6.3 -1.6-19.9 DOE 28.2 30.9 28.2 24.7 22.4 21.1 14.8 16.6 -8.1-32.9 DHHS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.0 NIH 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.0 NASA 2.6 2.5 1.9 2.7 3.0 3.2 1.9 1.8 -0.9-33.6 NSF 39.6 51.7 46.5 37.9 35.5 44.5 39.6 39.0 1.02.7 TOTAL 72.2 89.3 80.1 73.2 62.3 73.9 61.6 63.9 -9.3-12.7 Notes: Constant dollar conversions were made using the GDP deflators in OMB (1998, Table 10.1)
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From page 73... ...
, NSF support of civil engineering was not noticeably affected by the advent of new classification procedures in 1996. For university research in civil engineenng, a nearly 30 percent increase by NSF more than offset reduced DOD support, so that funding was up 8.8 percent overall between 1993 and 1997 (see Table A-17.
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From page 74... ...
. TABLE A-17 Federal Obligations for University Research in Civil Engineering, by Agency, FY 1990-1997 (millions of constant 1998 dollars)
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From page 75... ...
Federal spending on university geology research was 40.0 percent less in 1997 than in 1993 in real terms, as every agency involved in geology research that was surveyed reduced its level of support (see Table Ally. It should be noted, however, that the Department of the Intenor is not surveyed for spending on university research and that the Intenor Department accounts for more than two-fifths of the overall federal investment in geology research (see Table A- 18~.
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From page 76... ...
TABLE A-18 Federal Obligations for Geological Sciences Research, All Performers, by Agency, FY 1990-1997 (millions of constant 1998 dollars) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Change.
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From page 77... ...
Contrary to trends in the research budgets of the dominant funding agencies, however, the fields of computer sciences and materials engineenng showed significant growth in federal support. Oceanography, the only other field showing substantial growth, is supported by several agencies.
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From page 78... ...
Constant dollar conversions were made using the GDP deflators in OMB (1998, Table 10.1)
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From page 79... ...
It excludes environmental and agricultural disciplines, which totaled about $147 million and $173 million respectively in FY 1997. Constant dollar conversions were made using the GDP deflators in OMB (1998, Table 10.1)
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From page 80... ...
1993-1997 Amount Percent USDA30.3 25.9 33.6 32.9 32.6 29.4 25.8 23.7-9.2-27.9 Commerce1.7 3.1 1.9 4.9 5.2 20.5 17.5 22.017.1352.4 DOD204.8 212.3 253.8 249.1 231.8 253.5 175.4 174.7-74.4-29.9 DOE45.5 136.7 142.6 54.7 77.4 50.5 47.1 53.3-1.5-2.7 DHHS3,537.6 3,393.5 3,677.8 4,115.9 4,531.5 4,639.2 4,585.9 5,030.2914.322.2 NIH3,115.1 3,007.8 3,467.6 3,886.9 4,251.3 4,238.3 4,225.5 4,641.7754.919.4 Interior0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0 0.0 0.0 EPA23.313.315.419.220.122.420.821.9 2.7 14.0 NASA64.284.072.6116.4123.0126.4112.2123.6 7.2 6.2 NSF0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0 0.0 0.0 All others264.3222.9294.1336.3275.0190.6209.3188.2 -148.1 -44.0 TOTAL 4,171.6 4,091.6 4,491.6 4,929.4 5,296.7 5,332.5 5,194.0 5,637.6 708.2 14.4 Notes: The medical sciences include dentistry, internal medicine, neurology, obstetrics and gynecology, ophthalmology otolaryngology, pathology, pediatncs, pharmacology, pharmacy, preventive medicine, psychiatry, radiology, surgery, veterinary medicine, and other medical disciplines. Constant-dollar conversions were made using the GDP deflators in OMB (1998, Table 10.1)
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From page 81... ...
1 1600 1 ,400 =0 1,000 C) a' _# to 800 600 400 200 1,200 me\/ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1 All Performers Universities & Colleges ~ FIGURE A-ll Constant dollar trends in federal funding of aeronautical engineering research, FY 1990-1997.
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From page 82... ...
. TABLE A-24 Federal Obligations for Aeronautical Engineering Research, All Performers, by Agency, FY 1990-1997 (millions of constant 1998 dollars)
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From page 83... ...
The increase in computer science research funding by DOE in 1996 was due to a large increase in computing by DOE's atomic weapons program. The large increase in NSF support appears to be real and not an artifact of changed classification procedures.
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From page 84... ...
. TABLE A-27 Federal Obligations for University Research in Computer Sciences, by Agency, FY 1990-1997 (millions of constant 1998 dollars)
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From page 85... ...
. As a result, real spending on materials engineering 1 ,200 1 ,000 v, 800 o oo ~600 o o ._ 400 200 O /\ / / 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 All Performers Universities & Colleges FIGURE A-13 Constant-dollar trends in federal funding of materials engineering research, FY 1990-1997.
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From page 86... ...
On the other hand, the general level of NSF funding was lower after 1995 by about $40 million, indicating that materials engineering was affected by the 1996 change in classification procedures at NSF. If so, real federal funding of materials engineering research was greater than the survey indicates, offsetting the DOE changes.
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From page 87... ...
Although NSF support for environmental sciences overall was about the same in 1995 and 1996, there were sudden decreases in the levels of support for atmospheric and geological sciences and in "environmental sciences, n.e.c." that equaled the sudden jump in the level of oceanography research that year. If NSF funding of oceanography had stayed about even in real terms, federal support for oceanography research would have increased only by a few percent.
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From page 88... ...
Source: Tables A-30 and A-31. TABLE A-30 Federal Obligations for Oceanography Research, All Performers, by Agency, FY 1990-1997 (millions of constant 1998 dollars)
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From page 89... ...
Also, the size of the increase might be less if spending on university oceanography by the Department of the Interior, which reduced its overall support of oceanography research during the time period, were included. TRENDS IN GRADUATE ENROLLMENT The NSF survey of the numbers of graduate students by source of support publishes most of the data by broad area of science and engineering, such as physical sciences or earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences, rather than by academic field, such as physics and chemistry or geology and oceanography.
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From page 90... ...
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From page 91... ...
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From page 92... ...
92 a' .= o En ~ 4= l lo, to V, o o V, sit o .~ no ~ .
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From page 93... ...
Real federal support of academic research in electrical engineering declined by 32 percent between 1993 and 1997 (from Table A-51. Although the overall number of graduate students declined, as might be expected, the number of federally supported graduate students increased (Table A-321.
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From page 94... ...
DHHS has the largest such programs, and NSF also has substantial fellowship and traineeship programs. If agencies protected education and training programs relative to research grant programs in budget downsizing, the number of federally funded graduate students could increase as research funding remained the same or declined.
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From page 95... ...
In contrast, during the 1990s, NSF reduced or held flat its levels of support for several fields being cut by mission agencies, including chemical engineering, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, physics, mathematics, and geology. NSF did increase its level of support for some fields being cut by DOD materials engineering and computer sciences.
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From page 96... ...
96 APPENDIX A above, most or all of that increase may be more apparent than real, resulting from changes in NSF classification procedures. The rest had substantially smaller budgets (chemistry, -8.7 percent; chemical engineenng, -12.9 percent; geology, 21.1 percent; mathematics, -5.6 percent; and civil engineenng, -12.9 percent)
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From page 97... ...
1999. Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering: Fall 1997, Early Release Tables, NSF 99-405.
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