Readiness for the Upcoming Solar Maximum (1998) / Chapter Skim
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3 Technology Considerations
3 Technology Considerations
Pages 15-24
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From page 15... ...
As the solar EW emission increases with solar activity, its absorption heats the upper atmosphere and increases the densities of atoms and molecules at a satellite's altitude. Proxies such as the radio emission at 10.7 cm are currently used by satellite operators in commercial enterprises and national agencies to analyze and predict changes in the upper atmosphere and the resulting orbital evolution.
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From page 16... ...
solar maximum is that its activity level will be comparable to that ofthe previous solar maximum in 1989-1991.5 The transient populations produced by CME-generated interplanetary shocks were discovered only at the last solar maximum (and rediscovered to have occurred in preceding solar cycles that had had scant documentation) , and so there is little calibrated predictive capability for the upcoming solar maximum.
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From page 17... ...
Assuming the continued operation of UARS and its solar irradiance monitor, we will have the opportunity to observe simultaneously how different solar features evolve with the changes in the solar magnetic field and affect the total irradiance. These observations will finally allow us to identify the sources of solar irradiance variations across a large part of the solar spectrum.
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From page 18... ...
Annual data coverage in Me 70% range in recent years; increased coverage in 1998 anticipated O ~ Continuous solar optical and radio observations Structure of the solar interior, Me surface magnetic fields, We inner corona, CMEs, and the solar wind a NASA's selection of HESSI for its Small Explorer line occurred after completion of We final draft of this report; therefore, this mission is not discussed in the text. In a brief report published ~ January 1997 (Space Studies Board, National Research Council, An Assessment of the Solar and Space Physics Aspects of NASA 's Space Science Enterprise Strategic Plan, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.)
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From page 19... ...
(NASA) mission launched in 1991 High-resolution EW/UV imager with He capability of following the structure of the solar magnetic field into the corona Solar variability at W wavelengths and atmospheric effects Sampling of the plasma conditions in the solar wind Currently sampling conditions in the heliosphere beyond Pluto's orbit with particle and field sensors Solar wind density, velocity, temperature, energetic particles, magnetic fields, and waves Solar activity via soft x-ray (5-50 A)
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From page 20... ...
instrumentation minute IMAGE NASA MIDEX mission Will use neutral atom, W and radio imaging techniques to scheduled for launch in mid- study the global response of Earth's magnetosphere to January 2000 changes in the solar wind Interball Russian-led project: Interball Auroral Probe launched August 1996; Interball Tail Probe launched August 1995 20 Multipoint simultaneous measurements at different altitudes by two main satellites and two subsatellites, each launched into orbit as the passenger of its main satellite.
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From page 21... ...
... _ Polar Launched February 24, 1996, as the second of two NASA spacecraft launched in the GGS initiative and part of the ISIP program Measure complete plasma, energetic particles and fields in the high-latitude polar regions, and energy input through the dayside cusp; determine characteristics of the auroral plasma acceleration outflow; provide global, multispectral, auroral images of the footprint of magnetosphenc energy disposition into the ionosphere and upper atmosphere; and help determine the role of the ionosphere in substorm phenomena and in the overall magnetospheric energy balance SAMPEX Spacecraft launched by NASA Measures energetic electrons and ion composition of into a high-inclination orbit in particle populations from ~0.4 MeV/nucleon to hundreds of 1992 to study sources of the MeV/nucleon from a zenith-oriented satellite in a near polar energetic particles in Earths orbit; payload combines some of the most sensitive particle magnetosphere sensors ever flown in space 21
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From page 22... ...
Center with the National Science Measurements of ionospheric and upper atmospheric Arecibo Foundation properties up to 3,000 km are made using radar as well as a variety of optical instruments Poker Flat Rocket Operated by the University of NASA rocket launch facility in Alaska with a supporting Range Alaska's Geophysical Institute aeronomical observatory under contract to NASA's Wallops Flight Facility, which is part of the Goddard Space Flight Center Polar Cap To be funded by NSF and A large incoherent scatter radar facility to be erected in Observatory operated by a joint U.S.- Canada at Resolute Bay, Northwest Terntories, for the Canadian steering committee observation of the effects of solar storms and other space related events on Earth's environment. Operation is planned before the upcoming peak of solar activity Sondrestrom Funded by the NSF Upper An incoherent scatter radar and associated optical, Facility A~anosphenc Facilities Program magnetic, and radiowave instnunentation located in and operated and managed by Greenland for studying the high-latitude ionosphere SRI International.
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From page 23... ...
The Importance of the Web and the advent of computers capable of the near-real-time global numerical simulation of space weather events cannot be overemphasized. Through these capabilities and modeling efforts such as those mentioned below, researchers are poised to acquire a physical understanding of Sun-Earth coupling at solar maximum that was never before possible.
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From page 24... ...
development, but only if the relevant spacecraft data are available to constrain the models. Having a field suite of solar and geospace instrumentation in place will also provide spinoffs in other disciplines of space science: Astronomers will have new insights into stellar magnetism and emissions, astrophysicists will find new analogies regarding particle sources and acceleration mechanisms in stellar environments, investigators in the Origins program will better understand the central stars in their extrasolar planetary systems and the effects of those stars on their surrounding planets, planetary scientists will have a basis for better modeling past Martian climate variability and for understanding how an active early Sun affected conditions on the surface of Mars (and Earth)
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