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Trends in Doctorate Recipients
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From page 3... ... Since ~ 986 the number of doctorate recipients has again grown each year, and the ~ 996 figure continued the upward trend in doctorates awarded. (See Table I, page 35.) Read the entire page →
From page 4... ... 1981 1986 1991 1996 FIGURE 2 Annual grown or decline in doctorates awarded by U.S. colleges and universities, 1957-1996. Read the entire page →
From page 5... ... During the ~960s, when doctorate production tripled, the average number of Ph.D.s per institution doubled, from 60 in 1961 to 122 in 1970. As the number of institutions granting doctorates continued growing in the ~ 970s even though the number of doctorates awarded decreased, the number of Ph.D.s per institution steadily declined to the low nineties by the early 198Os. Read the entire page →
From page 6... ... Doctorates in agricultural sciences grew only 4 percent since 1986. Though ranking second in the number of doctorates awarded among all broad fields, social sciences had below-average growth among broad fields over the past decade, growing at just 16 percent from 5,893 in 1986 to 6,814 in 1996. Read the entire page →
From page 7... ... The number of humanities doctorates has since increased substantially, registering the second fastest growth rate among broad fields for the period 1986 to 1996, during which time the field grew 48 percent, from 3,461 to 5,] Read the entire page →
From page 8... ... of 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 Year SOllRCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates. ~ Life Sciences Physical Sciences - Social Sciences Engineering FIGURE 5 Education, humanities, and professional/other doctorates awarded by broad field, 1966-1996. Read the entire page →
From page 9... ... Between World Wars ~ and Il. women generally earned between ~ 3 and ~ ~ percent of doctorates awarded in the United States. Read the entire page →
From page 10... ... Among non-U.S. citizens with permanent visas, women earned 34 percent of doctorates in 1996; among temporary residents, women earned 23 percent. Read the entire page →
From page 11... ... The number of female Ph.D.s has increased in every broad field over the past 30 years, and gains continued from ~ 995 to 1996 in every broad field except physical sciences, for which the number of women dropped from 1,499 to I,3 84, and professional/other fields, in which the number of women dropped from 980 to 953. Read the entire page →
From page 12... ... The largest numerical change for women was in life sciences, in which the number of women jumped from 1,984 in ~ 986 to 3,595 in ~ 996. Women earned their highest number of doctorates in education, at 4,~79 in ~996; this field had the slowest growth rate for women over the past decade, at just ~ 6 percent. Read the entire page →
From page 13... ... citizens earning Ph.D.s who are American Indians increased from 0.2 percent in ~ 976 to 0.7 percent in ~ 996. 5"Asians" includes Asians and Pacific Islanders; "American Indians" includes Alaskan Natives. Read the entire page →
From page 14... ... See Table 7, page 40. See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to the survey questions on citizenship and race/ethnicity. Read the entire page →
From page 15... ... See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to survey questions on citizenship and race/ethnicity. See Tables 7 and 8, pages 40 and 41. Read the entire page →
From page 16... ... citizens earning Ph.D.s in the United States shifted dramatically over the past five years. The total number of temporary visa holders declined in ~ 993, ~ 994, and ~ 995, while the number of permanent visa holders grew dramatically. Read the entire page →
From page 17... ... Citizens - ~ Temporary Visas - ~ Permanent Visas FIGURE 14 Percentage of Ph.D.s who are permanent residents, by country of citizenship, 1990- 1996. 1 00% 9oo/o 80% 7oo/o 60% 5oo/o 40�/O 3oo/o 20% 1 0% oo/o See Table 12, page 45. Read the entire page →
From page 18... ... citizens earning doctorates in the United States. One new country of note on the list of top 20 countries of origin for non-U.S. Read the entire page →
From page 19... ... citizens earned 33 percent of all doctorates awarded in the Uniter! States in ~ 996, but their number and percentage within each field varied considerably-from 58 percent of Ph.D.s in engineering and 47 percent in physical sciences to just ~ 0 percent in education. Read the entire page →
From page 20... ... 20 I_ Cal ED a: C~ U) Read the entire page →
From page 21... ... 21 9661 1661 o so 9861 9661 a: o ._ 1661 ~5 9861 Ct o so Cal I: ._ ._ o a: Ct ;^ Ct Cal 4 Ct 4 o o A: 9661 ~ ._ ._ 1661 9861 Cal 9661 ~ ._ 1661 ~ Ct ._ 9861 9661 1661 9861 �= 9661 .= so 1661 ~ ._ 9861 ~ o\ to to ~4 ho ho of of o o on ~ ho of To 9661 ~ ._ v 1661 ~ Ct v ._ 9861 ~ ao ._ r,_ U, . Read the entire page →
From page 22... ... and for rates of nonresponse to applicable survey questions (pages 102 and 1034. See Tables 15 and 16, pages 47 and 48. Read the entire page →
From page 23... ... See technical notes in Appendix C for explanation of the revision (page 105) and for rates of nonresponse to the applicable survey questions (pages 102 and 103) Read the entire page →
From page 24... ... See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to this survey question. Read the entire page →
From page 25... ... See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to this survey question. Read the entire page →
From page 26... ... citizens, the majority of whom were indebted. Temporary residents were more likely than permanent residents to report debt and a slightly higher percentage of temporary than permanent visa holders reported debt of more than $30,000. Read the entire page →
From page 27... ... citizens and permanent residents, 71 percent of Hispanics had a definite commitment for work or study, followed by whites and American Indians at 70 percent each and blacks at 68 percent. Asians were the least likely to have definite commitments, at 62 percent. Read the entire page →
From page 28... ... See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to the applicable survey questions and for further explanation of postgraduation plans. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates. Read the entire page →
From page 29... ... citizen doctorate recipients with definite plans to remain in the United States after graduation, by visa status for selected years, 1976-1996. 100 90 80 70 60 ~ 50 40 30 20 10 O- 1 1 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996 \| + Permanent Visas \| I ~ Temporary Visas I NOTE: Only Ph.D.s with definite commitments are included in the percentage computations. Read the entire page →
From page 30... ... In ~ 976, 60 percent of U.S. citizens and permanent residents with employment commitments were headed for academia. Read the entire page →
From page 31... ... See Table 26, page 57. See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to this survey question. Read the entire page →
From page 33... ... Colleges and Universities, 1956-1996 Doctorates Awarded by U.S. Colleges and Universities per institution, 1961-1996 Major Field of Doctorate Recipients for Selected Years, 1966-1996 Gender of Doctorate Recipients, by Broad Field for Selected Years, 1966-1996 Women as a Percentage of all Doctorate Recipients from U.S. Read the entire page →
From page 34... ... Citizen Doctorate Recipients with Postgraduation Commitments, by Major Field and Visa Status, ~996 26 Employment Sector of Doctorate Recipients with Postgraduation Commitments in the United States, by Broad Field for Selected Years, 1976-1996 (U.S. citizens and permanent residents) Read the entire page →
From page 35... ... TABLE 2 Percentage of Annual Change In Doctorates Awarded by U.S. Colleges and Universities, 1956-1996 Annual Year Change 1956 -4.4 1957 1.1 1958 1.9 1959 5.0 1960 5.6 1961 7.0 1962 10.4 1963 10.7 1964 12.5 1965 14.1 1966 9.8 1967 13.7 1968 12.4 1969 12.2 1970 14.6 Annual Year Change 1971 8.0 1972 3.7 1973 2.2 1974 -2.1 1975 -0.3 1976 0.0 1977 -3.7 1978 -2.7 1979 1.2 1980 -0.7 1981 1.1 1982 -0.8 1983 0.5 1984 0.2 1985 -0.1 Year Annual Change 1.9 1.5 3.5 2.5 5.1 4.1 3.6 2.3 3.1 1.7 1.6 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates. Read the entire page →
From page 36... ... 36 TABLE 3 Doctorates Awarded by U.S. Colleges and Universities per Institution, 1961-1996 Number of Number of Ph.D.s per Year Ph.D.s Institutions Institution Number of Number of Ph.D.s per Year Ph.D.s ldstitutions Institution 1961 10,413 174 60 1962 11,500 175 66 1963 12,728 186 68 1964 14,325 196 73 1965 16,340 206 79 1966 17,949 216 83 1967 20,403 220 93 1968 22,937 230 100 1969 25,743 232 111 1970 29,498 242 122 1971 31,867 264 121 1972 33,041 271 122 1973 33,755 290 116 1974 33,047 297 111 1975 32,952 297 111 1976 32,946 299 110 1977 31,716 309 103 1978 30,875 316 98 1979 31,239 316 99 1980 31,020 325 95 1981 31,356 328 96 1982 31,111 333 93 1983 31,281 337 93 1984 31,337 336 93 1985 31,297 342 92 1986 31,902 345 92 1987 32,370 353 92 1988 33,500 355 94 1989 34,327 360 95 1990 36,067 358 101 1991 37,534 367 102 1992 38,890 370 105 1993 39,801 375 106 1994 41,034 377 109 1995 41,743 384 109 1996 42,415 392 108 SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates. Read the entire page →
From page 37... ... & Lit.380728835576445498605 Over Humanities1,0151,6121,7371,6631,7342,0862,641 Education3,0406,4357,7257,4976,6496,4546,772 Teacher Education362591588639490408371 Teaching Fields6911,5641,4181,4371,142973863 Over Education1,9874,2805,1195,4215,0175,0735,538 Professional/O~er5651,0901,7571,6581,9822,4022,478 Business & Management3726737396249021,1631,276 Communications1737295240258332389 Over Professional Fields153265676759796836774 Over Fields231154735267139 * "Computer sciences" first appeared on the survey form in 1978. Read the entire page →
From page 38... ... Includes mathematics and computer sciences. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates. Read the entire page →
From page 39... ... 39 TABLE 6 Women as a Percentage of all Doctorate Recipients Mom U.S. Colleges and Universities, 1921-1996 16.2 14.4 14.8 15.0 16.7 13.9 15.1 14.5 16.7 15.1 15.4 16.0 14.1 13.0 14.6 15.2 14.6 15.2 14.4 13.1 11.6 12.4 15.2 17.1 20.3 19.2 14.0 12.1 10.0 9.5 9.3 9.5 9.4 9.1 9.9 9.5 11.6 11.3 Year 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 Percent Year 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 l9g4 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 Percent 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.7 10.9 10.9 10.8 11.6 12.0 12.8 13.2 13.5 14.4 16.0 18.0 19.5 21.9 23.3 24.8 27.0 28.6 30.3 31.5 32.4 33.7 34.1 34.3 35.4 35.3 35.3 36.5 36.3 37.0 37.1 38.0 38.6 39.3 40.0 SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates. Read the entire page →
From page 40... ... 3,4313,0783,0043,5633,446 Known Race/Ethnicity3,2662,8932,9143,4613,378 Asians7074108148176 Blacks2831264169 Hispanics2436538383 American Indians0281413 Whites3,1442,7502,7193,1753,037 Engineering1,5571,1701,3832,0862,591 Known Race/Ethnicity1,5061,1181,3541,9912,553 Asians597780.187271 Blacks1216144359 Hispanics1512254886 American Indians046614 Whites1,4201,0091,2291,7072,123 Life Sciences3,9894,5334,3504,7265,014 Known Race/Ethnicity3,8404,3314,2774,6524,946 Asians77109154194289 Blacks71736492141 Hispanics30487299150 American Indians313231931 Whites3,6594,0883,9644,2484,335 Social Sciences5,3655,1744,5794,7125,195 Known Race/Ethnicity5,1404,9834,5004,6215,142 Asians48767088127 Blacks160178168211247 Hispanics57103132182235 American Indians712202138 Whites4,8684,6144,1104,1194,495 Humanities4,3743,2242,7323,2203,959 Known Race/Ethnicity4,1283,0902,6843,1663,910 Asians3333304791 Blacks91847193119 Hispanics739276115140 American Indians31271020 Whites3,9282,8692,5002,9013,540 Education7,1146,5815,6295,6145,866 Known Race/Ethnicity6,9286,3625,5515,5725,817 Asians3779608592 Blacks672564423437582 Hispanics126155190175204 American Indians2139265560 Whites6,0725,5254,8524,8204,879 Professional/Other1,4391,3001,4091,6521,670 Known Race/Ethnicity1,3821,2321,3941,6221,652 Asians1017314045 Blacks5867649398 Hispanics2620242952 American Indians639510 Whites1,2821,1251,2661,4551,447 * Includes mathematics and computer sciences. Read the entire page →
From page 41... ... ""American Indians" includes Alaskan Natives. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates. Read the entire page →
From page 42... ... NOTE: See technical notes in Appendix C for total numbers of U.S. minority Ph.D.s in this period, the percentage reporting foreign institutions; and rates of nonresponse to the survey questions on baccalaureate institution, citizenship, and race/ethn~c~ty. Read the entire page →
From page 43... ... 30 21 15 14 13 13 12 12 12 11 11 10 10 10 10 9 9 Top 17 Institutions 222 Total Institutions Reported (204) 747 NOTE: See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to the survey questions on citizenship and race/ethnicity. Read the entire page →
From page 44... ... See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to the survey question on citizenship status. Read the entire page →
From page 45... ... Citizens N9,79111,16811,93312,19113,15313,12913,375 Permanent Visas TO17.316.616.618.528.532.928.1 Temporary Visas %82.783.483.481.571.567.171.9 Citizens of China N1,2251,9192,2382,4162,7722,9793,200 Pennanent Visas TO4.75.88.616.164.679.456.0 Temporary Visas %95.394.291.483.935.420.644.0 O~erNon-U.S. Citizens N8,5669,2499,6959,77510,38110,15010,175 Pennanent Visas TO19.118.918.419.118.819.219.4 Temporary Visas TO80.981.181.680.981.280.880.6 NOTE: See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to the survey questions on country of citizenship and citizenship status. Read the entire page →
From page 46... ... reported their country of origin. See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to the survey questions on country of citizenship and citizenship status. Read the entire page →
From page 47... ... Please note that the method of median computation was revised three years ago. See technical notes in Appendix C for explanation of the revision and also for rates of nonresponse to the applicable survey questions. Read the entire page →
From page 48... ... See technical notes in Appendix C for explanation of the revision and also for rates of nonresponse to the applicable survey questions. Read the entire page →
From page 49... ... * "Asians" includes Pacific Islanders; "American Indians" includes Alaskan Natives. Read the entire page →
From page 50... ... Visas Visas Asians Blacks panics Indians Whites AllPh.D.s N 42,415 25,470 16,945 27,741 3,765 9,610 1,091 1,315 950 186 23,856 Responses to Debt Status N 38,662 23,156 15,506 26,162 3,571 8,864 1,032 1,189 895 171 22,687 Without Debt % 52.3 53.1 51.1 44.6 71.2 67.6 50.2 32.3 30.4 43.9 45.5 Win Debt TO 47.7 46.9 48.9 55.4 28.8 32.4 49.8 67.7 69.6 56.1 54.5 $5,000 or less TO 11.3 11.4 11.0 11.7 8.8 11.0 9.4 12.7 13.1 11.7 11.7 $5,001 to$10,000 TO 9.1 9.2 9.0 10.9 5.6 5.3 11.4 11.5 11.2 12.9 10.8 $10,001 to $15,000 TO 6.9 6.9 7.0 8.4 3.3 3.9 8.4 9.3 11.2 5.8 8.3 $15,001 to $20,000 TO 4.9 4.7 5.3 6.2 2.7 1.9 5.2 7.3 9.5 4.1 6.1 $20,001 to $25,000 TO 3.8 3.4 4.2 4.7 1.7 1.7 3.9 5.2 5.0 2.9 4.7 $25,001 to $30,000 TO 3.1 2.9 3.3 3.9 1.5 1.3 3.5 6.1 5.7 5.8 3.7 $30,001 or more % 8.6 8.4 9.0 9.5 5.2 7.3 7.9 15.6 14.0 12.9 9.1 NOTE: This table displays information on debt related to a recipient's combined undergraduate and graduate education. "All Ph.D.s" includes recipients whose debt status is unknown. Read the entire page →
From page 51... ... . See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to the applicable survey questions arid for further explanation of postgraduation plans. Read the entire page →
From page 52... ... . See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to the applicable survey questions and for further explanation of postgraduation plans. Read the entire page →
From page 53... ... See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to the applicable survey questions and for further explanation of postgraduation plans. Read the entire page →
From page 54... ... See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to the applicable survey questions and for further explanation of postgraduation plans. Read the entire page →
From page 55... ... See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to the applicable survey questions and for furler explanation of postgraduation plans. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates. Read the entire page →
From page 56... ... Numbers in this table represent those Ph.D.s who responded to survey questions about both postdoctoral location and type of plans; percentages are based on these numbers. See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to these survey questions and for further explanation of postgraduation plans. Read the entire page →
From page 57... ... Sci. ities tion Over All Employment Commitments 1976 N 16,143 1,562 1,256 1981 N 15,262 1,774 1,052 1986 N 13,479 1,445 1,053 1991 N 13,839 1,441 1,300 1996 N 14,605 1,493 1,736 1,453 3,371 2,366 4,983 1,152 1,460 3,222 1,946 4,711 1,097 1,262 2,806 1,613 4,136 1,164 1,305 2,671 1,900 3,941 1,281 1,419 2,561 2,170 4,054 1,172 Employment Commitments win Responses to Sector 1976 N16,059 1,557 1,249 1,443 3,353 2,359 4,949 1,149 1981 N15,166 1,768 1,048 1,457 3,204 1,931 4,661 1,097 1986 N13,349 1,443 1,047 1,257 2,763 1,598 4,082 1,159 1991 N13,699 1,433 1,298 1,294 2,629 1,885 3,889 1,271 1996 N14,517 1,488 1,731 1,410 2,540 2,159 4,025 1,164 Academet 1976 NO60.2 45.7 26.1 59.0 63.3 86.7 54.8 77.5 1981 NO50.9 29.8 26.2 56.2 49.7 78.8 47.5 70.5 1986 NO48.6 30.1 29.4 52.5 44.3 77.2 44.1 70.9 1991 NO52.3 35.7 25.4 52.0 49.9 83.7 46.7 74.8 1996 NO50.8 35.5 17.0 53.1 52.3 81.3 46.5 73.1 Indus~y/Self-Employed 1976 NO11.9 35.6 51.2 16.5 7.1 2.7 2.5 5.3 1981 NO18.7 56.2 57.0 22.3 13.7 6.4 5.4 10.0 1986 NO20.8 57.0 55.1 25.2 19.2 7.2 7.2 11.0 1991 NO19.4 49.3 57.0 24.3 18.6 4.2 5.8 7.8 1996 NO22.3 52.7 66.3 23.0 18.3 5.4 6.2 12.6 Government 1976 NO12.6 16.2 20.1 17.9 17.0 3.1 11.1 6.7 1981 NO12.9 12.5 14.8 15.5 19.7 4.4 11.9 7.7 1986 NO11.5 10.5 13.8 15.9 16.1 3.7 11.2 6.8 1991 NO9.5 12.4 15.2 15.8 13.6 2.5 6.8 4.5 1996 NO8.7 8.7 14.5 16.0 12.1 1.6 6.4 4.7 Overt 1976 NO15.3 2.4 2.6 6.6 12.6 7.5 31.7 10.4 1981 NO17.5 1.5 2.0 6.0 16.9 10.4 35.2 11.9 1986 NO19.1 2.5 1.7 6.4 20.4 12.0 37.5 11.2 1991 NO18.8 2.7 2.4 8.0 18.0 9.7 40.8 12.9 1996 NO18.2 3.1 2.2 7.8 17.4 11.7 40.9 9.5 NOTE: Only Ph.D.s with definite commitments for employment are included. Read the entire page →
From page 58... ... visas visas All Employment Commitments 1976 N 16,143 12,379 3,764 387 708 2361914,40415,564 579366 1981 N 15,262 10,227 5,035 513 705 3125613,21814,666 596597 1986 N 13,479 8,017 5,462 405 544 3454411,94212,973 506804 1991 N 13,839 7,572 6,267 519 605 4096412,09313,258 5811,541 1996 N 14,605 7,716 6,889 1,100 737 5409912,03213,477 1,1281,615 Employment Commitments win Responses to Sector 1976 N 16,059 12,319 3,740 384 701 2361914,33615,485 574366 1981 N 15,166 10,180 4,986 507 694 3085513,15014,577 589597 1986 N 13,349 7,964 5,385 400 527 3404311,84612,847 502804 1991 N 13,699 7,513 6,186 514 598 4066411,97113,122 5771,532 1996 N 14,517 7,685 6,832 1,089 731 5389911,96413,397 1,1201,609 Academet 1976 NO 60.2 57.0 70.5 40.9 68.0 71.273.760.160.4 52.456.0 1981 DO 50.9 47.6 57.7 32.3 55.2 64.643.651.151.2 43.347.7 1986 DO 48.6 45.2 53.5 34.5 51.2 58.262.848.648.5 50.464.4 1991 NO 52.3 48.1 57.4 37.9 59.2 63.353.152.252.3 53.055.0 1996 NO 50.8 46.0 56.2 28.2 53.4 60.454.552.351.9 38.534.4 In dus~crv/S elf -Emoloved ~ 1976 NO 11.9 14.1 5.0 44.3 2.9 4.70.011.511.0 36.828.4 1981 NO 18.7 22.8 10.5 54.0 8.5 9.114.517.917.6 46.542.0 1986 NO 20.8 25.4 14.1 48.5 7.6 12.14.720.720.1 38.630.8 1991 NO 19.4 24.6 13.0 47.3 8.0 13.514.118.918.6 36.738.7 1996 NO 22.3 29.5 14.2 59.2 10.4 15.612.120.019.9 51.259.5 Government 1976 NO 12.6 14.0 8.1 10.4 11.6 10.20.012.812.9 4.45.5 1981 NO 12.9 13.8 11.1 7.7 13.1 13.616.413.213.3 3.22.5 1986 NO 11.5 12.7 9.8 8.5 15.2 13.216.311.411.8 5.61.4 1991 NO 9.5 10.8 7.9 8.9 9.0 7.69.49.69.7 4.01.6 1996 NO 8.7 10.0 7.2 6.2 10.4 8.615.28.79.0 4.41.6 Overt 1976 NO 15.3 14.9 16.4 4.4 17.5 14.026.315.615.6 6.410.1 1981 NO 17.5 15.8 20.8 5.9 23.2 12.725.517.817.9 7.07.7 1986 NO 19.1 16.7 22.6 8.5 26.0 16.516.319.319.6 5.43.4 1991 NO 18.8 16.4 21.7 5.8 23.7 15.523.419.319.3 6.24.7 1996 NO 18.2 14.5 22.3 6.4 25.9 15.418.219.019.2 6.04.5 NOTE: Only doctorates with definite commitments for employment are included. Foreign locations are excluded. Read the entire page →

From page 3...

... Since ~ 986 the number of doctorate recipients has again grown each year, and the ~ 996 figure continued the upward trend in doctorates awarded. (See Table I, page 35.)

Trends in Doctorate Recipients Pages 3-58

Trends in Doctorate Recipients
Pages 3-58