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Expanding Access to Precompetitive Research in the United States and Japan Biotechnology and Optoelectronics (1990) / Chapter Skim
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3. Structural Problems that Impede Access
Pages 14-17

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From page 14...
... While it would be impossible in this report to cover all the various perceived and real barriers to access, there are some general themes from the discussions of optoelectronics and biotechnology that were corroborated by the survey respondents. At a general level there are significant differences in the R&D systems of the two countries: Japan's excellence in applied product-oriented research carried out in corporate labs that are less accessible to foreigners than university or government labs, contrasted with the comparative excellence of the United States in basic research.
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From page 15...
... As a fast step, more information is needed about the these projects involving similar rival companies in Japan; the analysis and information concerning this form of collective research are still inadequate. In the biotechnology field the excellence of some Japanese university research in biotechnology is becoming acknowledged in the United States.
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From page 16...
... The relative openness of the university system in the United States allows free access by foreign firms, but U.S. corporations report that they must go through third parties to make contacts with Japanese university professors.
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From page 17...
... The differences in the actual state of R&D in the two fields suggest that the problems and solutions of each should be considered separately. Differences in the definition of precompetitive research and organizational differences in R&D structures must be taken into account in crafting new forms of cooperative R&D.
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Key Terms

  • university professors
  • preliminary survey
  • third parties
  • projects involving
  • japanese corporations

  • expand access
  • japanese researchers
  • japanese companies
  • free access
  • states allows

  • industry consortia
  • japanese electronics
  • cultivate longstanding
  • added challenge
  • rival companies

  • licensing rights
  • collective research
  • companies lack
  • laboratories makes
  • competitive research

  • government outlays
  • states outside
  • government level
  • university laboratories
  • becoming acknowledged

  • longstanding relations
  • limit prospects
  • obtain licensing
  • patent enforcement
  • japan cooperation


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