Expanding Access to Precompetitive Research in the United States and Japan Biotechnology and Optoelectronics (1990) / Chapter Skim
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1. Introduction
1. Introduction
Pages 1-7
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Should this occur, opportunities for expanded access will develop, but in the current context debates over reciprocal access highlight the dilemma of structuring collaboration in the midst of intense market competition. As a result, attention in the United States has begun to focus both on the structurally based obstacles in Japan that impede foreign access to Japanese R&D and the self-imposed structural barriers in the United States that prevent 1
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ACTIONS TAKEN TO IMPROVE ACCESS DURING RECENT YEARS Some significant steps have been taken over the past five years by both Japan and the United States that reflect both the importance of the bilateral scientific relationship and the need to redress perceived or real imbalances. In June of 1988 President Reagan and Prime Minister Takeshita approved renewal of the U.S.Japan Agreement on Cooperation in Science and Technology, and work has begun within the various agencies and departments of both governments to implement it.
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The office has produced an annual Directory of Japanese Technical Resources in the United States, translations of key Japanese government and industry documents, and reports on technical developments in Japan in such areas as biotechnology, advanced ceramics, and superconductors.4 Within the private sector, the American Electronics Association has established a highly regarded fellowship program to send young engineers to Japan to work in Japanese laboratories, and a number of organizations are expanding Japanese language programs. The National Academies of Science and Engineering have established an Office of Japan Affairs (OJA)
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As a result, a meeting on "Expanding Access to Precompetitive Research in the United States and Japan: Biotechnology and Optoelectronics," was held at the East-West Center in January 1990 by the NRC (the operating arm of the National Academies of Science and Engineering)
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Ibis report predicted that, while the United States would continue to lead in basic biotechnology research, the Japanese could well surpass the United States in the commercialization of biotechnology. 7 A recent Nihon Keizai survey of 301 Japanese leaders in science and technology scored Japan higher than the United States in optoelectronics, both for the current period and for the anticipated scenario by the year 2000 "Kiso Kenkyuu de Yuryo na Seika wo" [The Result of Excellence in Basic Research]
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In general, it can be said that precompetitive research is a middle ground of focused cutting-edge research that lies between proprietary research performed at corporate laboratories and fundamental basic research conducted mainly at universities (see Figure 1~. The results of this research are openly published, although the research may also lead to commercial applications.
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From page 7... ...
In the United States, antitrust regulations and other internal restrictions make the establishment of collective research groups among competing companies more difficult. The Japanese have shown collective research to be "rational" in economic and technological terms, at least in the context of their own experience.8 8 See Fumio Kodama, National Institute of Science and Technology Policy, Science and Technology Agency of Japan, "Rivals' Participating in Collective Research: Its Economic and Technological Rationale," paper presented at International Conference on Science and Technology Policy Research, Feb.
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