Illumination and Visibility of Radar and Sonar Displays Proceedings of a Symposium (1958) / Chapter Skim
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Session I - Operational Requirements for Cathode-Ray Tubes and Displays in Relation to Illumination Problems
Session I - Operational Requirements for Cathode-Ray Tubes and Displays in Relation to Illumination Problems
Pages 4-32
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From page 4... ...
McKnight, Technical Development Center, Civil Aeronautics Administration OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR ILLUMINATION AND VISIBILITY OF RADAR DISPLAYS IN AIR FORCE RADAR APPROACH CONTROL CENTERS James C McGuire, Hero Medical Laboratory, Wright Air Development Center OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR ILLUMINATION IN COMBAT INFORMATION CENTERS Albert Van Acker, Bureau of Ships, Navy Department SONAR DISPLAYS Matthew Flato, U
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From page 5... ...
The paper describes two means for achieving these objectives, one with blue lighting and the other with the use of a bright display and selective location of lamp fixtures and dark paint. The examples illustrate the major conclusion: radar lighting systems should be considered an integral part of the display equipment and the operational system of which that equipment is a part.
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M A broad-band-blue lighting system for radar air traffic control centers.
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Fig. 1 illustrates the effect of trading signal luminance for increase in contrast by varying the yellow filter on a SAGE Charactron.
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Bert F Green of Lincoln Laboratory, William Ayer, formerly of Lincoln, Sam Francis of Francis Associates, and Commander Dean Farnsworth, USNR.
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Optimal operation of visual displays also requires their integration with each other in a complex system and with the design of the lighting and building. Among the examples cited for critical need of coherent design are the following: need for the architect and engineer to familiarize themselves with lighting and layout as affected by specialized visual displays; measurements of luminance for blue light; tilt of scope face and the dependent thickness of honeycomb in ceiling; design of a command post with its associated projection system.
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Since this is usually done by taking the next name from an appropriate list. the closest to a radar direction center that a selected A & E may have been is his own living room, where he watched the first televised installment of Air Power.
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Major development work on lighting ceased at Lincoln early in 1955 when it became necessary to release the design for production. However, Francis Associates carried on a somewhat similar approach, first in an existing direction center for the Air Force Cambridge Research Center and then for the Martin Company in the Army Missilemaster System.
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From page 12... ...
Requirements for a Projected Display in a Command Post. Screen width Screen to projector Screen to personnel Maximum plane angle of personnel to farthest corner of screen Maximum vertical angle of personnel to farthest corner of screen Angle between projector line and line perpendicular to screen, horizontal or vertical Number of staff Number of liaison personnel Number of observers Maximum dimensions including across aisles d 2.5-d minimum 3- to 4-d best 1- to 2.25-d range 1.3-d best 60 ° acceptable 45 ° desirable 45 ° acceptable 30 ° desirable 30 ° acceptable 20 ° desirable 0 ° best 10 6 12 50 x 50 ft The maximum dimensions and number of people were specified, together with requirements for maximum viewing angles.
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From page 13... ...
A little reflection will show that for the tasks required of the radar operator there may be contradictory illumination requirements. In SAGE, for instance, a dim display puts a premium on maximum transparency of the implosion screen.
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This paper discusses the use of radar for air traffic control by the Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA) and some of the operational problems of using available radar displays in the lighting environments of various types of traffic control facilities.
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Radar is generally used as a tool by the air traffic controller to expedite the movement of aircraft through use of reduced separation standards. The radar display does not provide all of the information needed for the control process, and it is necessary for the controller to refer to other written data, or other areas for information.
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Efforts of TDC to improve lighting and display systems Use of projection storage tubes appeared as one solution to obtain brighter displays for air traffic control use. Experimental indicators using an Iatron tube 16
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The Air Navigation Development Board supported a development project in 1950-51 to provide a system to convert the normal polar radar scan to a television raster scan to provide a bright radar display. This development equipment was not satisfactory due to noise and certain other characteristics of the scanconversion tube and associated circuitry.
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It would be desirable to have radar displays that have the additional capabilities of writing electronically the identity, altitude, and other data alongside moving radar targets, and of simultaneously displaying data from two or more radars or beacon systems that are not synchronized in either rotation or trigger.
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maintenance, (5) movement in the center, ~ 6 ~ recording and report writing, and ~ 7 ~ communication to take place without concomitant degradation of the radar displays as a result of fluorescence of the P2, P4, or PI screen phosphors, or of specular reflection.
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The radar indicators and the flight progress strips are not the only sources of information for the controller. Up-to-date weather information is very important and must be immediately available to all controllers in the RAPCON.
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The author is indebted to the Air Traffic Analysis Branch, Test Engineering Division, Directorate of Flight and All Weather Testing, Wright Air Development Center, WrightPatterson AFB, for information pertaining to the phase I RAPCON, and to the Air Traffic Control and Navigation Division, Headquarters, Air Research and Development Command, Detachment #1, W-P AF8, for the information and drawings pertaining to the 431-L phase II RAPCON.
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From page 22... ...
Outbound flight strips are passed from the flight data position to the departure controller for processing, and are returned to the flight data positions for time-stamping and filing when control of the departing aircraft is relinquished by the departure controller. Controllers may desire to keep track of flights by marking on the plastic CRT covers with grease pencil.
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From page 23... ...
The design of the console serves to focus attention on some of the major differences between the phase I and the phase II RAPCONS. These differences result primarily from the use of a magnetic drum storage unit to store flight plans and weather information, use of a new electronic character generation and display unit (similar to the Digitron)
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procedures. If the electronic display fails7 flight data may be obtained from the magnetic drum storage unit by means of Flexowriter.
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electronic countermeasures station containing the controls and displays for countermeasures equipment; (3) surface operations area equipped with a dead-reckonin~ tracer radar-set controls CRT displays, edge-lighted display boards, chart tables, and maneuvering boards; (4)
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For casualty repairs and for general maintenance, the lighting system must provide a high enough light level to perform the detailed, accurate work required in modern electronic equipment, and light of such color composition that the color coding on circuit elements is accurately readable. On small ships as a secondary requirement, it is necessary that the light level be low enough and the color composition such as to have the least possible effect on the dark adaptation of personnel entering.
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From page 27... ...
Item Radar Sonar Frequency up to 10,000 me up to 200 kc Wavelength 3 to 300 cm 0.75 to 15 cm Velocity 186,000 mi/sec 5000 ft/sec Pulse lengths Microseconds Milliseconds to seconds Radar utilizes electromagnetic waves in air, while underwater echo-ranging systems use pressure or acoustic waves. Electromagnetic waves cannot be propagated any appreciable distance in water; in contrast, acoustic waves suffer relatively little loss.
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From page 28... ...
The Doppler effect is very important in sonar echo ranging since it aids in distinguishing a weak echo in a reverberation background. By listening closely, an observer may determine the motion of the target.
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Each hydrophore is coupled to a delay line, and the outputs are mixed so as to form a beam. Since there are unique scanning switches, the beam can be rotated without rotating the transducer.
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2. Bearing deviation indicator.
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From page 31... ...
The video scanning switch, rotating continuously at 3,000 rpm, produces signal pulses whenever its acoustic beam sweeps past an echo signal and delivers this voltage to the video channel of the receiver, a conventional superheterodyne circuit whose rectified output supplies brightening signals to the grids of the cathode-ray tube. The beam deflection is synchronized with the video scanning switch so that this brightening will occur at the correct bearing.
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