Research on Power-Frequency Fields Completed Under the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (1999) / Chapter Skim
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EPACT Committee Review of Completed Projects
EPACT Committee Review of Completed Projects
Pages 24-79
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EPACT COMMITTEE REVIEW OF COMPLETED PROJECTS DOE Engineering Projects The present EPACT Committee received 11 of 12 engineering reports funded by EMFRAPID as contracts in time for inclusion in the committee's final report. The 11 engineering reports are listed in table 1.
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6 Enertech Consultants, Inc. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health "Recommendations for Guidelines for Environment-Specific Magnetic Field Measurements" "Environmental Field Surveys" "Recommendation for Guidelines for EMF Personal Exposure Measurement" "Development of an EMF Measurements Database" "Survey of Personal Magnetic Field Exposure" "Hazard Surveillance for Workplace Magnetic Fields" Identification of set of MF characteristics that can be measured; development of protocols for characterizing human activity patterns and using infonnation to estimate personal exposures in defined areas; application of protocol in pilot studies Surveys of MF levels in various environments Identification of set of MF characteristics that can be measured; development of measurement protocols Development of database to serve as repository for MF exposure data Survey of average field exposures of 1000 randomly selected people in the United States "Walkaround" surveys of MF characteristics in large number of workplace environments 25
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Prediction Mode! committee review Development" 26
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attempted to anticipate every aspect of power-frequency MFs that might be related to biologic or human health effects and suggested the equipment, measurement protocols, data-management and analysis procedures, quallity-contro} measures, and reporting procedures that should be used for characterizing the MF environment in any given occupational, public, or residential setting. Methods are described for characterizing human activity patterns and for using that information to estimate personal exposures to sources in a well-defined area.
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Dan Bracken 1997a) described protocols for an exhaustive assessment of personal exposures to power-frequency fields.
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. It is reasonable that the personal exposure meters used in the present study would give higher average exposure levels in that the people wearing the exposure meters often came into contact with or were close to appliances that generated relatively large power-frequency MFs.
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. Proiect 7: "Hazard Surveillance for Workplace Magnetic Fields: I
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This study (TTT 1997) involved an in-depth evaluation of exposure-mitigation procedures for nearly all common sources of human exposure to power-frequency MFs, including powerlines and substations, electric-power service connections in homes and businesses ("customer-side" power distribution)
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No significant variation in the office exposure levels was observed as a function of time of day. Spot measurements of the ME levels were found to correlate well with measurements made with the EMDEX Lite personal exposure meter; spot measurements were able to account for about 65% of personal work-exposure variability.
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Summary EMF-RAPID committed about $2.7 million to engineering studies an amount that is 6.6% of the total budget of $41 million. The overall value of what has been accomplished in the 11 engineering projects funded as part of the EMF-RAPTD program is questionable.
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Furthermore, the work was done concurrently with other EMF-RAPID studies, so the results of the engineering projects could not be used in the biology projects. Three projects (projects I, 2, and 4)
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:D program are not recommended. NIEHS Biology Projects The Energy Policy Act of 1992 directed that research be carried out to "determine whether or not exposure to EMFs produced by the generation, transmission, or use of electrical energy affects human health".
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At the time of this committee's assessment, few of the studies had been published in the peer-reviewed literature. The committee was furnished with detailed and complete reports of the DOE engineering studies, but the brief project summaries of the bioeffects program supplied to the committee contained little quantitative information.
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The 36 project summaries classified into the first three categories are of limited value at this time for determination of the possible health effects of electric and magnetic fields. If the investigators reported effects but did not provide supporting data, the committee could not evaluate the magnitude of the reported effect.
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. 2.3 Effects reported but data insufficient to calculate magnitude of effect (S projects)
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Table 2.l lists project summaries that reported no ME results at the time of the EPACT Committee review (July - October 1998~. No evaluation of the projects in this category, other than the descriptive material presented in the table, is possible at this time.
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a cd o .
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Hei reported on the comutagenicity of MFs and gamma radiation; the results indicated that MFs did not have the capacity to enhance the cytotoxicity or mutagenicity of gamma radiation. Glickman investigated both the potential comutagenicity of MFs and NiCl2 at the lacy locus in the transgenic R2~IZ rat fibroblast cell line and the potential mutagenic effect of MFs at the la c]
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'e o ·4 ad ~ 4u, ad o c)
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Some comments on methodology are noted below. The Luben project to study membrane receptor function was based on results from a previous collaboration with Uckun (Uckun and others 1995)
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The preliminary conclusions suggest that MFs increase intracellular calcium and enhance signal transduction, but not to the extent that cell viability is affected. The investigator also suggests that MFs act synergistically with an activating agent, such as anti-CD3 antibody, to enhance signal transduction in lymphocytes.
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on cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity of bone-related cells in vitro. In the entire study, involving several combinations of exposure time and cell plating density, three statistically significant results were reported: cells at one plating density exposed for 72 h had a 20% ~ 10% (mean ~ SE)
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en o · In c)
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The energy in ELF MFs is very low and the energy deposited will not break chemical bonds. DNA strand-breaks occurred at a maximum level approximately 4 h after MF exposure.
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o ·~ Fat c)
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that MFs induce heat-shock proteins in HL-60 cells. Nuccitelli did not observe effects reported by Rodemann and by Goodman, even though the experimental conditions were carefully replicated.
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In two replication studies conducted independently by different investigators in the McCormick laboratory, no MF-induced increases in c-myc expression in HL-60 cells were noted, either in basal conditions or when stimulated by TPA. McCormick also reports that exposure to MFs for 20 min to 24 h had no effects on cell proliferation or on expression of cancer-associated genes (c-myc, p53, or HER-2/neu)
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In the Lotz replication studies, the importance of continuing consultation with the original investigators was apparently recognized. Collaboration with the original investigators appears to have been a part of the two replication efforts, and extensive efforts were made to achieve close replication of the original experimental conditions.
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~2 c-o o me .
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· ~ ~cn ~ ~ i ~ ~- ~ ~ o ~ cr.
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Therefore, the second 13-wk study was carried out at a reduced DMBA dose of ~ ma. In this study, 40°/O of the animals developed mammary cancers, thus providing enough sensitivity to detect effects reported by Loescher.
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Selmaoui and Touitou (1995) had reported weak evidence of a melatonin-suppression effect; Reiter reports uniformly negative results with the Selmaoui and Touitou exposure paradigm.
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7 - - - ~ Discussion From a technical perspective, the EMF-RAPID program has helped incrementally to answer the basic question of whether environmentally relevant power-frequency MFs can produce biologic effects. The engineering studies underscore the fact that time-averaged MF exposures in a wide range of occupations are remarkably similar.
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It meets the recommendations of the interim EPACT Committee report. EMF InfoLine The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
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project summaries of the 61 projects funded by EMF-RAPID and some projects funded by other means. Some of the project summaries included on the Web site have many of the same shortcomings as those in the project summary books provided to the committee.
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EMF Science-Review Symposia NIEHS organized three EMF science-review symposia that were intended to review the literature on several major power frequency magnetic field research subjects. The first covered theoretical mechanisms and in vitro research, the second covered epidemiologic research, and the third covered clinical and in vivo laboratory research.
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Records of the public comments are available to the public at various sites in the United States. Under the EMF-RAPID program, NIEHS established the working croup to assess health effects of exposure to power-frequency magnetic fields.
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Much of the working group's time was spent in small groups as subcommittees worked to write specific sections of the literature review. Although plenary sessions were held, these usually were attended only by groups that wrote the text or by individuals from closely related fields of expertise.
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. · Of 26 working-group members voting on the question, 20 concluded that there was limited evidence that residential exposure to ELF MFs is carcinogenic in children on the basis of the results of epidemiologic studies of childhood leukemia; the remaining six voting members concluded that there was inadequate evidence.
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Of 25 working-group members voting on the question, 24 concluded that there was inadequate evidence that residential exposure to ELF MFs is carcinogenic in adults; the other member concluded there is evidence for lack of an effect. All 25 working-group members voting on the question concluded that there was inadequate evidence of an association between exposure to ELF MFs and childhood nervous system tumors or childhood lymphoma.
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Basic research on the effects of power-frequency magnetic fields on cells and animals should continue, but a special research funding effort is not required. Investigators should compete for funding through traditional research-funding mechanisms.
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The committee recommends that further material produced to disseminate information on power-frequency magnetic fields be written for the general public in a clear fashion. The Web site should be made more user-friendly.
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