Groundwater and Soil Cleanup Improving Management of Persistent Contaminants (1999) / Chapter Skim
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Executive Summary
Executive Summary
Pages 1-14
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Metals and DNAPLs are common not only in the weapons complex but also at contaminated sites nationwide owned by other federal agencies and private companies. They have proven especially challenging to clean up, not just for DOE but also for others responsible for contaminated sites.
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. DOE's Office of Environmental Restoration reported that, as of 1998, remedies had been selected for 27 of 92 active groundwater cleanup projects and for 163 of 221 soil cleanup projects.
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DOE's attempts to clean up contaminated groundwater and soil have been limited in part by technological difficulties. Conventional pump-and-treat systems for contaminated groundwater, which are slated for use at the bulk of DOE sites where groundwater restoration is under way, often cannot achieve cleanup goals for many of the types of contamination scenarios encountered at DOE installations.
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These new paradigms may affect the selection of cleanup goals for DOE sites and, correspondingly, the suite of possible remediation technologies for achieving those goals. Nonetheless, SCFA will have to continue developing technologies capable of cleaning up difficult sites with long-term liability concerns and of meeting baseline standards at the many sites where these will remain as cleanup goals.
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Permeable reactive Among the most promising and rapidly developing barriers treatment technologies for treating metals, radionuclides, and mixtures of organic and inorganic contaminants. These barriers either intercept the flow of contaminated groundwater with a subsurface zone in which reactive materials have been installed to treat the contaminants or direct water flow through such a zone; a variety of reactive materials have been tested successfully.
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Because this is an ex situ process, it requires excavation of the soils and has all the limitations imposed by excavation. Soil flushing Developing technology for treating metals and radionuclides in situ by flushing contaminated soils with solutions designed to recover the contaminants.
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Table ES-2 summarizes technologies for treating DNAPL source zones and dissolved plumes emanating from DNAPL sources (see Chapter 4 for details)
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Geologic heterogeneities and nonuniform contaminant distribution may reduce process efficiency. Proven to be effective at destruction of specific chlorinated DNAPL compounds in source zones in permeable, relatively homogeneous soils.
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. Other factors that have interfered with deployment of SCFA's technologies include regulatory requirements that favor conventional technologies, inconsistencies in technology selection processes and cleanup goals, and SCFA budget limitations.
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SCFA has initiated strategies to increase end user involvement, but in fiscal year 1998 it was unable to implement these new strategies because the entire SCFA budget went to paying for projects that began before SCFA was formed. Regulatory problems have also interfered with deployment of innovative remediation technologies at DOE installations.
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Notable SCFA accomplishments in developing systems for remediation of metals and radionuclides include work on in situ redox manipulation for chromium contamination at Hanford, horizontal barriers for waste containment at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, and penetrometer systems for characterizing metals and radionuclides in the subsurface. Achievements in the development of systems for remediation of DNAPLs include work on steam technologies at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, electrical resistance heating to enhance recovery of DNAPLs by soil vapor extraction in low-permeability soils at several DOE installations, and collaborative work with private industries to develop and field test electrokinetic systems for DNAPL remediation.
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Working with end users, SCFA should identify key technical gaps and prepare a national plan for developing technologies to fill these gaps. Although SCFA consulted with end users and developed a prioritized list of problem areas (known as work packages)
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· A key future role for the SCFA should be the development of design manuals for technologies that could be widely used across the weapons complex. Possible models include the Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence design manual for bioventing, the American Academy of Environmental Engineers WASTECH monograph series, and the Advanced Applied Technology Demonstration Facility surfactantcosolvent manual.
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1998. Guide to Documenting and Managing Cost and Performance Information for Remediation Projects.
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