Groundwater and Soil Cleanup Improving Management of Persistent Contaminants (1999) / Chapter Skim
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5 DOE Remediation Technology Development: Past Experience and Future Directions
5 DOE Remediation Technology Development: Past Experience and Future Directions
Pages 202-239
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From page 202... ...
in the mid-199Os, few innovative technologies were used to clean up contaminated groundwater and soil at DOE installations. For example, as of 1995, the only innovative remedy specified for groundwater cleanup at DOE sites regulated under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)
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From page 203... ...
Innovative technologies other than SVE had been selected for only 26 percent of all soil cleanup under CERCLA (EPA, 1996~. DOE's historical problems in deploying innovative remediation technologies thus have parallels in other sectors.
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From page 204... ...
DOE data confirm that a major barrier to the use of innovative remediation technologies is the failure of site managers to seek applicable innovative technologies. Table 5-2 shows the results of a survey of 232 DOE sites where innovative remediation technologies were not selected for application.
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. Much of the reason for the lack of innovative remediation technology at DOE sites is thus external to SCFA management.
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In addition, OST has not provided for sufficient involvement of field site personnel in individual technology development projects. Site regulators and vocal members of the public have also limited the application of innovative remediation technologies at DOE sites, according to some reports (GAO, 1994a; Nemeth et al., 1997~.
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DOE STEPS TO INCREASE INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY DEPLOYMENT DOE managers are now well aware of many of the impediments to remediation technology development and have taken steps to address these problems. OST instituted a variety of management reforms (including efforts to involve end users in its decision process)
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· Preparation of a comprehensive list of remediation technology development projects within DOE. OST developed a list to identify overlapping efforts that could be cut or combined to reduce duplication.
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. OST has also instituted programs for decreasing regulatory resistance to the use of innovative remediation technologies.
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The team consists of federal regulators, state regulators, technology developers, representatives of DOE sites, financiers, members of the public, a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers innovative technology advocate, and representatives of the Southern States Energy Board and the Western Governors' Association.
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From page 212... ...
DEPLOYMENT OF INNOVATIVE REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES AT DOE INSTALLATIONS According to data from SCFA, 146 deployments of 56 innovative technologies developed by SCFA had occurred as of January 14, 1998 (see Appendix B)
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. TABLE 5-6 Technologies Used to Clean up Soil at DOE Projects Technology Number of Projects Excavation, followed by disposal, ex situ treatment, or storage Solidification or stabilization with cement or grout Passive treatment wetlands Caps Natural attenuation Land farming or ex situ bioremediation Soil vapor extraction or bioventing Thermally enhanced vapor extraction 98 32 10 9 8 4 4 1 NOTE: The total number of projects represented by these data is 163, but some projects involve more than one technology.
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One facility may contain many contaminated sites. TCE = trichloroethylene.
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Replication of external research results in the inefficient use of resources and potentially in infringement of intellectual property rights, creating a lack of good will between DOE and technology developers. In addition, it demonstrates a lack of sufficient effort within DOE to enlist the participation of leaders in the field of remediation technology development.
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From page 218... ...
The Office of Science and Technology overstated its deployment information." EFFECTIVENESS OF REFORMS IN PROMOTING DEPLOYMENTS What effect the OST and Office of Environmental Management reforms and initiatives will have on innovative remediation technology deployment at DOE sites in the near future is uncertain. The steep cuts in SCFA's budget present a critical obstacle to promoting deployment of SCFA technologies.
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From page 219... ...
More rapid progress in transferring SCFA technologies to full-scale field operations depends in large part on improving site contracting mechanisms in the DOE environmental restoration program as a whole, creating incentives for using innovative technologies, improving remediation technology, improving decision-making procedures, and providing for greater involvement of technology end
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SCFA TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT ACHIEVEMENTS Despite the difficulties SCFA has faced in transferring its technologies to full-scale field operations, some SCFA technologies have shown considerable promise. This section highlights several successful SCFA projects to develop technologies for cleanup of metals, radionuclides, and DNAPLs in groundwater and soil.
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the project or technology met or is likely to meet the concerns of DOE site remediation managers, environmental regulators, and concerned members of the public. The committee also considered the availability and uniqueness of the technology, its stage of deployment, and the degree of interagency collaboration in technology development.
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In Situ Redox Manipulation SCFA has provided funding for the creation and operation of a permeable treatment zone for remediation of Cr(VI) in the contaminated aquifer at Hanford by in situ redox manipulation (ISRM)
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An/ ·; /~ .~0 ll ! 1 1 i 1 1 Groundwater Flow '' Direction FIGURE 54 Plan of the in situ redox manipulation system at Hanford.
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The ability of this technology to address a common problem in the DOE complex and the availability of a contractor to provide the technology create opportunities to pursue its deployment at other DOE sites at which implementation of other technologies, such as excavation, is not feasible. Site Characterization and Analysis Penetrometer System Recognizing the need at DOE sites for technologies that can allow real-time on-site analysis of the subsurface, SCFA has contributed funds toward the development of SCAPS by a government consortium.
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From page 226... ...
CLOT BARRIER J PLACEMENT SYSTEM REAR VIEW DISCHARGE CONVEYOR //~ BARRIER MATERIAL / / ~ ~ DELIVERy SYSTEM TRENCHER l: -TRENCH SLIPFORM TRENCH SHIELDS (CUT AWAY) -THRUST BLOCKS L1 ~ ~_ 1 _29'-51/2"_' ~ 1~ / 16' 6L~ ~ :,a TRENCHER CONVEYOR 2' - 8 3/8" L~16': -~1 DETACHABLE TRENCHER CONVEYOR - IJi n [1~ J rTRENCHER CONVEYOR / rTRENCH CUTTER ~I _ 1 CRAWLER ASSEMBLY ~ FIGURE 5-5 Buried waste containment system being developed by INEEL with funding from SCFA.
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SCAPS technology is being used by the Army Corps of Engineers, Department of Defense, other government agencies, and the private sector, as well as by DOE, through licensing and CRADA agreements. Use of SCAPS site characterization and monitoring technologies typically pro
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remediation technologies include dynamic underground stripping (DUS) , thermally enhanced vapor extraction (TEVES)
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The site is contaminated with creosote. The use of DUS is expected to allow site closure in five years at a cost savings to the company of $30 million compared with a conventional pump-and-treat remedy (Aines, 1997~.
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methods with vacuum vapor extraction (see Figure 5-7~. Although the use of electrical heating techniques for the recovery of volatile and semivolatile liquids from porous media is not new, the use of resistance heating for in situ recovery is more recent.
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the electrical heating, slight increases in contaminant recovery rates in the air leaving the treatment condenser, beyond those predicted for soil vapor extraction alone, were observed, although the location of the demonstration inside a larger contaminated zone obfuscated the vapor concentration results (Udell, undated)
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As indicated in Figure 5-8, the name "Lasagna" derives from the original concept of alternating horizontal layers of electrodes and treatment zones, although actual tests to date have used a vertical configuration. The process is especially suited to sites with low-permeability soils because electroosmosis can move water faster and more uniformly through such soils than hydraulic methods and because
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From page 233... ...
Major features of the technology are · electrodes, energized by direct current, that heat the soil and cause water and soluble contaminants to move through the treatment layers; · treatment zones containing reagents that transform the soluble organic contaminants or adsorb contaminants for immobilization or subsequent removal and disposal; and · a water management system to recycle the water that accumulates at the cathode (high pH) back to the anode (low pH)
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Three treatment zones containing zero-valent iron were installed at 2.1, 3.7, and 4.3 m (7, 12, and 14 ft) from the anode.
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.4 CONCLUSIONS DOE is not alone in facing resistance to the use of innovative technologies for cleaning up contaminated soil and groundwater at its installations. Use of innovative remediation technologies is also quite limited in private-sector cleanup of major contaminated sites.
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· Insufficient data on full-scale deployment of SCFA technologies. Data on applications of innovative remediation technologies at DOE sites are currently inadequate to determine the full extent of the use of SCFA technologies in site cleanup.
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1996. Innovative Technology Summary Report: Lasagna SoilRemediation.
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Undated. Thermal Enhanced Vapor Extraction System.
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From page 239... ...
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station.
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