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From page 277... ... Index A Accelerated Site Technology Deployment Program, 12, 212, 213-214, 218, 246 Accelerating Cleanup: Paths to Closure, 36 Advanced Applied Technology Demonstration Facility, 13 Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence, 60,190, 246 Air pollution, incineration of contaminants, 19 Air sparging, 7,135,147-150, 215, 242 Alcohol flushing, 150-154, 266 Alternate concentration limits, 4849 American Academy of Environmental Engineers, 13, 246 American Society for Testing and Materials, 65, 66 American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 209 Applicable or relevant and appropriate requirement, 48, 49, 51 Army Corps of Engineers, 211, 220 Army Environmental Center, 227 Atoms for Peace Program, 25 Attenuation, see Natural attenuation 277 B Barrier technologies, see Subsurface barriers Bioremediation, 215, 216, 217, 266, 267 DNAPLs, 8,136,173-180,185,187, 189, 194 metals and radionuclides, 6, 78,110-112, 121 see also Natural attenuation Bioventing, 13,140-141, 246 Brownfield sites, 4, 54, 63-64, 69 Budgetary issues, see Funding Buried waste containment system, 225, 226 C Canada, 161 Carbon tetrachloride, 29,156,184 Chlorinated solvents, vii, 4, 7, 8, 9, 30, 129, 130, 133, 149, 158, 168, 173, 176178, 182, 183, 184, 186, 189-191, 193 see also specific substances Chlorofluorocarbons, 29 Chromatography, 82 Chromium, 5, 27, 29, 33, 48, 50, 73, 74, 76, 106, 110, 111, 222-225, 243 Clean Water Act, 42 Read the entire page →
From page 278... ... , 162, 165-166, 177, 185, 188, 192-195 in situ oxidation, 8, 27, 134, 159-162, 242, 267 in situ vitrification, 9, 135, 168-171, 194 joule heating, 166, 169 Lasagna, 172, 217, 232-235, 248, 265 perchloroethylene, 29, 52, 53, 145, 156, 161-162, 167, 173-178 (passim) , 186, 189-190, 230 phytoremediation, 9, 180-182 regulatory environment, 48, 55 remediation technologies, 4, 7-9, 11, 17, 19, 84-85, 115, 133-135, 140-195, 208, 228-235, 241-242 cost factors, 5-6, 9, 137, 146, 150, 182, 188 evaluation, 134-136, 139, 145-146, 149-150, 152-154, 157-159, 161 162, 165-168, 170-173, 177-182, 185-188, 190-195, 243 soil vapor extraction, 8, 9, 11, 135, 140 146, 150, 167, 168, 178, 193-194, 202, 215, 216, 229, 241-242, 266 thermally enhanced vapor extraction, 9, 228, 230-231, 243, 265 steam injection, 8, 163-166, 134, 163-166, 194, 228, 229, 241, 267 surfactants, 8, 134, 151, 154-159, 194, 241, 266 trichloroethylene, 29, 48, 52, 53, 106, 149, 156, 157, 161-162, 167, 172 Read the entire page →
From page 279... ... , 19 remediation technologies, 4, 9-11, 36, 72, 84-85, 101, 202-239; see also Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area 279 regulatory environment, 9, 10,15-16, 18, 39-71, 206-207, 209, 211, 221, 236 see also specific DOE sites Dichloroethylene, 20, 48,174,176-179 (passim) , 186-187,190, 191 Diethylenetriaminepentaacectic acid, 276 Direct-push technologies, 133,137 Drinking water, 7 regulatory issues, 3, 39, 42, 49-50, 149150, 161 maximum contaminant levels, 4748, 49, 52 Safe Drinking Water Act, 42, 4748, 52 Dynamic underground stripping, 228-229 E Ecological risk assessments, 31, 33-35, 67, 73 Economic factors, 203-205 contractors and contracting, 9,10,15-16, 204, 205, 207, 211, 218-219, 225, 245 see also Cost and cost-benefit factors; Funding Electrical and electrokinetic remediation systems, 11 DNAPLs, 135,163,166-168, 171-173, 194, 228, 229, 230-235, 241, 265, 266 metals and radionuclides, 6, 8, 78, 81, 112-114, 121 Electrochemical analysis, 82, 95 Energy Policy Act, 257 Enhanced Site Specific Risk Assessment, 65 Environmental Management Science Program, 13, 248 Environmental Protection Agency, 3, 35, 42, 47, 49, 53, 61-62 brownfields, 63, 64 DNAPLs, 51, 145, 152-153,157-158,179, 189, 232 management and managers, 49, 62 metals and radionuclides, 102,113,115 natural attenuation, 60, 61,189,190 technical impracticability waivers, 55-58 SITE, 102,113,115, 179 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 82, 276, 118 Read the entire page →
From page 280... ... , 244, 247-248 see also Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act G Gasoline, 229, 148, 165 General Accounting Office, 10, 204, 205 206, 207, 208-209, 217, 219 Geologic, geochemical, and hydrologic factors, 7, 16, 21, 27 DNAPLs, 7, 8, 18, 23, 25-27, 130-135 (passim) , 146, 148, 150, 155-159 (passim) Read the entire page →
From page 281... ... Legal Environmental Assistance Foundation, 40 Legislation Clean Water Act, 42 Energy Policy Act, 257 Federal Facilities Compliance Act, 40, 41 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 3, 4048, 49, 53, 54, 55, 57, 63, 68, 206, 213 Safe Drinking Water Act (1974) , 42, 47 48,52 Superfund Act, see Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act Toxic Substances Control Act, 42 Uranium Mill Tailings Remediation Control Act, 3, 22, 43, 46-47, 49, 51, 68 see also Regulatory issues Light nonaqueous-phase liquids, 137, 157158, 165 Litigation, see Court cases Local government, see State and local governments Los Alamos National Laboratory, 22, 43, 258 M Management and managers contractors and contracting, 9, 10, 15-16, 204, 205, 207, 211, 218-219, 225, 245 Department of Energy, general, 11, 13, 16, 205, 207, 217, 244 245 OST, 10, 205-206, 208, 217 EPA, 49, 62 regulatory issues, 40, 49, 51, 54-55, 57, 60, 61, 62-63, 65, 69, 245 site-level, 9, 16, 40, 47, 49, 51, 54-55, 57, 60, 61, 62-63, 65, 69, 204, 212, 225, 244 Read the entire page →
From page 282... ... , 186, 189-190, 230 Permeable reactive barriers, 5, 78, 80, 81, 103-107, 121, 136, 182-188, 194, 213, 215, 217, 242, 265 see also In situ redox manipulation Petroleum, 65, 144, 166, 175-176, 217 Phytoremediation DNAPLs, 9, 180-182 metals and radionuclides, 6, 78, 80, 116120, 121 Plutonium, 25, 28, 31, 52, 76, 77, 111, 256 Polychlorinated biphenyls, 29, 42, 47, 102 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 137 Potassium permanganate, 159-162, 183-185, 187 Pozzolanic agents, 79, 80, 101, 102 Read the entire page →
From page 283... ... INDEX Pressurized injection, barriers, 88-89 Privately owned sites, 40, 203 Public exposure, see Risk assessment Public involvement, 2, 19, 67, 68, 206 Pump-and-treat systems, 3, 7, 18, 27, 36, 85, 104, 150, 212, 215, 222, 225, 228229 Push-in technologies, 133, 137 R Radar, see Ground penetrating radar Radio-frequency heating, 167-167, 230 Radionuclides, 1, 16, 27-28, 29-35, 72-128, 208, 222 deep-soil mixing, 86, 90, 91, 265-266 Department of Energy programs, 72-128 (passim) , 222-228, 240-241, 243, 254-263; see also Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area electrical and electrokenetic remediation, 6, 8, 78, 81, 112-114, 121 geologic conditions, 25, 27, 76-77, 86 in situ redox manipulation, 5, 11, 78, 80, 107-110, 121, 222-225, 243 in situ vitrification, 5, 78, 80, 96-101, 120-121 ion exchange systems, 73, 86, 113, 114, 115, 241 phytoremediation, 6, 78, 80, 116-120, 121 pozzolanic agents, 79, 80, 101, 102 remediation technologies, 4, 5-6, 11, 17, 19,74,76,77,78-122,171,213, 214, 222-228, 241, 243 cost factors, 112, 120 evaluation, 77-80, 105-107, 109-110, 111-114, 118-121 see also specific technologies infra and supra soil flushing and washing, 6, 18, 78, 81, 112, 113, 114-116, 121 solidification and stabilization techniques, 5, 78, 80, 101-103, 121, 215 sorption, 76, 78, 80, 86, 103 speciation, metals and radionuclides, 76,77,80 standards, 48, 50, 52-53; see also 283 Uranium Mill Tailings Remediation Control Act see also Plutonium; Uranium Regulatory issues, 2, 3-4, 39-71, 240, 245 alternate concentration limits, 48-49 applicable or relevant and appropriate requirement, 48, 49, 51 Department of Energy, 9, 10, 15-16, 18, 39-71, 206-207, 209, 211, 221, 236 drinking water, 3, 39, 42, 49-50, 149-150, 161 maximum contaminant levels, 4748, 49, 52 Safe Drinking Water Act, 42, 4748, 52 historical perspectives, 34, 58, 63 management and managers, 40, 49, 51, 54-55, 57, 60, 61, 62-63, 65, 69, 245 maximum contaminant levels, 4748, 49, 52 new technologies and, 9, 10, 15-16, 206 207, 209, 211, 221, 236 pump-and-treat remediation, 18 records of decision, 46, 52, 53, 54, 56, 61 63, 69 secrecy requirements, 25 soil screening level, 49-50 Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area, 9,10,12,39,54,55,57,61,63,68, 69, 221, 236, 243, 245 technical impracticability waivers, 54 58, 69 see also Legislation Redox manipulation, see In situ redox manipulation Remediation technologies, 1-2, 16-17, 55, 56-70 conventional, limitations of, 17-19 cost factors, 11, 19, 15, 90, 204-205, 206, 207, 211-212, 213, 220, 222, 223, 225, 228-229, 232, 236, 241, 246 DNAPLs, 5-6, 9, 137, 146, 150, 182, 188 metals and radionuclides, 112, 120 DNAPLs, 4, 7-9, 11, 17, 19, 84-85, 115, 133-135, 140-195, 208, 228-235, 241-242 cost factors, 5-6, 9, 137, 146, 150, 182, 188 evaluation, 134-136, 139, 145-146, 149-150, 152-154, 157-159, 161 Read the entire page →
From page 284... ... 284 162, 165-168, 170-173, 177-182, 185-188, 190-195, 243 see also specific technologies infra and supra Department of Defense, viii, 7, 9-11 Department of Energy, viii-ix, 4, 9-11, 36, 72, 84-85, 101, 202-239; see also Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area metals and radionuclides, 4, 5-6, 11, 17, 19, 76, 77, 78-122, 168, 213, 222 228, 241, 243 cost factors, 112, 120 evaluation, 77-80, 105-107, 109-110, 111-114, 118-121 see also specific technologies site-level management and managers, 9, 16,40,47,49,51,54-55,57,60,61, 62-63, 65, 69, 204, 212, 225, 244 technical impracticability waivers, 54 58, 69 see also Evaluation and evaluation issues; Regulatory environment; Sensor technologies; Technical assistance; specific technologies Remediation Technologies Development Forum, 13, 248 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 3, 4048, 49, 53, 54, 68, 206, 213 brownfields, 63 technical impracticability waivers, 55, 57 Risk assessment, general, viii, 3, 13, 17, 21, 29, 30-35, 54, 65-68, 69, 241 brownfields, 64 ecological, 31, 33-35, 67, 73 excavation of soils, 18 metals and radionuclides, 74 new technology, 9, 10 subsurface barriers, 9, 10, 11 Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area, 9, 10, 11 wildlife, 33-35 Risk-based corrective action, 65-68, 69 Risk-based screening level, 4 Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site, 21, 24, 26, 30, 32, 34, 35, 43, 53, 73, 214, 256 INDEX S Safe Drinking Water Act, 42, 4748, 52 Sandia National Laboratories, 43, 60, 73, 213, 230, 254, 259, 267, 268 Savannah River Site, 19, 21, 24, 26, 30, 32, 34, 35, 43, 53, 73, 150, 161, 214, 261, 265, 266, 267 Seismic techniques, 95, 138 Semivolatile organic compounds, 8, 99, 168, 193-194, 230 Sensor technologies, 83-84, 94, 95, 133, 137140, 213, 216, 221, 225, 227, 228, 242, 266, 267 see also specific technologies Sequential extraction procedures, 82-83 Single-extraction procedures, 83 Site characterization and analysis penetrometer system, 222, 225 228, 243 Site Screening and Technical Guidance for Monitored Natural Atftenuation at DOE Sites, 60 Site technology coordination groups, 207 Site Technology Deployment Program, 211 212 Soil flushing and washing, 6, 18, 78, 81, 112, 113, 114-116, 121 Soil screening level, 49-50 Soil vapor extraction, 8, 9, 11, 135, 140-146, 150, 167, 168, 178, 193-194, 202, 215, 216, 229, 241-242, 266 thermally enhanced vapor extraction, 9, 228, 230-231, 243, 265 Solidification and stabilization techniques, 5, 78, 80, 101-103, 121, 215 Solvents for DNAPL remediation, 134 see also Chlorinated solvents; Cosolvent flushing Sorption, 76, 78, 80, 86, 103 Southern States Energy Board, 209, 211 Speciation, metals and radionuclides, 76, 77,80 Spectroscopy, 77, 83, 137 State and local governments, 39, 40, 140, 206, 240 brownfields, 63-64 monitored natural attenuation, 60-61 risk-based corrective action, 65 Standards, see Regulatory issues Steam injection, 8, 163-166, 134, 163-166, Read the entire page →
From page 285... ... , 186-187, 189-191, 230 Tritium, 28, 29, 208 U Uranium, 25, 28, 29, 32, 33, 48, 53, 73, 74, 76, 77, 111, 213, 254-263 Uranium Mill Tailings Remediation Control Act, 3, 22, 43, 46-47, 49, 51, 68 V Vadose zone, 84, 94, 95, 130, 131, 132 Video imaging system, (GeoVIS) , 137 Vinyl chloride, 29, 48, 173, 176, 177, 179, 186-187, 190 Vitrification, see In situ vitrification Volatile organic compounds, 137, 140-146, 150, 161, 178, 186, 213 see also Semivolative organic compounds W WASTECH, 13, 246 Weather, see Climatic conditions Wildlife, 33-35 World Wide Web, see Internet Read the entire page →

From page 277...

... Index A Accelerated Site Technology Deployment Program, 12, 212, 213-214, 218, 246 Accelerating Cleanup: Paths to Closure, 36 Advanced Applied Technology Demonstration Facility, 13 Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence, 60,190, 246 Air pollution, incineration of contaminants, 19 Air sparging, 7,135,147-150, 215, 242 Alcohol flushing, 150-154, 266 Alternate concentration limits, 4849 American Academy of Environmental Engineers, 13, 246 American Society for Testing and Materials, 65, 66 American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 209 Applicable or relevant and appropriate requirement, 48, 49, 51 Army Corps of Engineers, 211, 220 Army Environmental Center, 227 Atoms for Peace Program, 25 Attenuation, see Natural attenuation 277 B Barrier technologies, see Subsurface barriers Bioremediation, 215, 216, 217, 266, 267 DNAPLs, 8,136,173-180,185,187, 189, 194 metals and radionuclides, 6, 78,110-112, 121 see also Natural attenuation Bioventing, 13,140-141, 246 Brownfield sites, 4, 54, 63-64, 69 Budgetary issues, see Funding Buried waste containment system, 225, 226 C Canada, 161 Carbon tetrachloride, 29,156,184 Chlorinated solvents, vii, 4, 7, 8, 9, 30, 129, 130, 133, 149, 158, 168, 173, 176178, 182, 183, 184, 186, 189-191, 193 see also specific substances Chlorofluorocarbons, 29 Chromatography, 82 Chromium, 5, 27, 29, 33, 48, 50, 73, 74, 76, 106, 110, 111, 222-225, 243 Clean Water Act, 42

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From page 278...

... , 162, 165-166, 177, 185, 188, 192-195 in situ oxidation, 8, 27, 134, 159-162, 242, 267 in situ vitrification, 9, 135, 168-171, 194 joule heating, 166, 169 Lasagna, 172, 217, 232-235, 248, 265 perchloroethylene, 29, 52, 53, 145, 156, 161-162, 167, 173-178 (passim) , 186, 189-190, 230 phytoremediation, 9, 180-182 regulatory environment, 48, 55 remediation technologies, 4, 7-9, 11, 17, 19, 84-85, 115, 133-135, 140-195, 208, 228-235, 241-242 cost factors, 5-6, 9, 137, 146, 150, 182, 188 evaluation, 134-136, 139, 145-146, 149-150, 152-154, 157-159, 161 162, 165-168, 170-173, 177-182, 185-188, 190-195, 243 soil vapor extraction, 8, 9, 11, 135, 140 146, 150, 167, 168, 178, 193-194, 202, 215, 216, 229, 241-242, 266 thermally enhanced vapor extraction, 9, 228, 230-231, 243, 265 steam injection, 8, 163-166, 134, 163-166, 194, 228, 229, 241, 267 surfactants, 8, 134, 151, 154-159, 194, 241, 266 trichloroethylene, 29, 48, 52, 53, 106, 149, 156, 157, 161-162, 167, 172

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From page 279...

... , 19 remediation technologies, 4, 9-11, 36, 72, 84-85, 101, 202-239; see also Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area 279 regulatory environment, 9, 10,15-16, 18, 39-71, 206-207, 209, 211, 221, 236 see also specific DOE sites Dichloroethylene, 20, 48,174,176-179 (passim) , 186-187,190, 191 Diethylenetriaminepentaacectic acid, 276 Direct-push technologies, 133,137 Drinking water, 7 regulatory issues, 3, 39, 42, 49-50, 149150, 161 maximum contaminant levels, 4748, 49, 52 Safe Drinking Water Act, 42, 4748, 52 Dynamic underground stripping, 228-229 E Ecological risk assessments, 31, 33-35, 67, 73 Economic factors, 203-205 contractors and contracting, 9,10,15-16, 204, 205, 207, 211, 218-219, 225, 245 see also Cost and cost-benefit factors; Funding Electrical and electrokinetic remediation systems, 11 DNAPLs, 135,163,166-168, 171-173, 194, 228, 229, 230-235, 241, 265, 266 metals and radionuclides, 6, 8, 78, 81, 112-114, 121 Electrochemical analysis, 82, 95 Energy Policy Act, 257 Enhanced Site Specific Risk Assessment, 65 Environmental Management Science Program, 13, 248 Environmental Protection Agency, 3, 35, 42, 47, 49, 53, 61-62 brownfields, 63, 64 DNAPLs, 51, 145, 152-153,157-158,179, 189, 232 management and managers, 49, 62 metals and radionuclides, 102,113,115 natural attenuation, 60, 61,189,190 technical impracticability waivers, 55-58 SITE, 102,113,115, 179 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 82, 276, 118

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From page 280...

... , 244, 247-248 see also Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act G Gasoline, 229, 148, 165 General Accounting Office, 10, 204, 205 206, 207, 208-209, 217, 219 Geologic, geochemical, and hydrologic factors, 7, 16, 21, 27 DNAPLs, 7, 8, 18, 23, 25-27, 130-135 (passim) , 146, 148, 150, 155-159 (passim)

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From page 281...

... Legal Environmental Assistance Foundation, 40 Legislation Clean Water Act, 42 Energy Policy Act, 257 Federal Facilities Compliance Act, 40, 41 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 3, 4048, 49, 53, 54, 55, 57, 63, 68, 206, 213 Safe Drinking Water Act (1974) , 42, 47 48,52 Superfund Act, see Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act Toxic Substances Control Act, 42 Uranium Mill Tailings Remediation Control Act, 3, 22, 43, 46-47, 49, 51, 68 see also Regulatory issues Light nonaqueous-phase liquids, 137, 157158, 165 Litigation, see Court cases Local government, see State and local governments Los Alamos National Laboratory, 22, 43, 258 M Management and managers contractors and contracting, 9, 10, 15-16, 204, 205, 207, 211, 218-219, 225, 245 Department of Energy, general, 11, 13, 16, 205, 207, 217, 244 245 OST, 10, 205-206, 208, 217 EPA, 49, 62 regulatory issues, 40, 49, 51, 54-55, 57, 60, 61, 62-63, 65, 69, 245 site-level, 9, 16, 40, 47, 49, 51, 54-55, 57, 60, 61, 62-63, 65, 69, 204, 212, 225, 244

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From page 282...

... , 186, 189-190, 230 Permeable reactive barriers, 5, 78, 80, 81, 103-107, 121, 136, 182-188, 194, 213, 215, 217, 242, 265 see also In situ redox manipulation Petroleum, 65, 144, 166, 175-176, 217 Phytoremediation DNAPLs, 9, 180-182 metals and radionuclides, 6, 78, 80, 116120, 121 Plutonium, 25, 28, 31, 52, 76, 77, 111, 256 Polychlorinated biphenyls, 29, 42, 47, 102 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 137 Potassium permanganate, 159-162, 183-185, 187 Pozzolanic agents, 79, 80, 101, 102

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From page 283...

... INDEX Pressurized injection, barriers, 88-89 Privately owned sites, 40, 203 Public exposure, see Risk assessment Public involvement, 2, 19, 67, 68, 206 Pump-and-treat systems, 3, 7, 18, 27, 36, 85, 104, 150, 212, 215, 222, 225, 228229 Push-in technologies, 133, 137 R Radar, see Ground penetrating radar Radio-frequency heating, 167-167, 230 Radionuclides, 1, 16, 27-28, 29-35, 72-128, 208, 222 deep-soil mixing, 86, 90, 91, 265-266 Department of Energy programs, 72-128 (passim) , 222-228, 240-241, 243, 254-263; see also Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area electrical and electrokenetic remediation, 6, 8, 78, 81, 112-114, 121 geologic conditions, 25, 27, 76-77, 86 in situ redox manipulation, 5, 11, 78, 80, 107-110, 121, 222-225, 243 in situ vitrification, 5, 78, 80, 96-101, 120-121 ion exchange systems, 73, 86, 113, 114, 115, 241 phytoremediation, 6, 78, 80, 116-120, 121 pozzolanic agents, 79, 80, 101, 102 remediation technologies, 4, 5-6, 11, 17, 19,74,76,77,78-122,171,213, 214, 222-228, 241, 243 cost factors, 112, 120 evaluation, 77-80, 105-107, 109-110, 111-114, 118-121 see also specific technologies infra and supra soil flushing and washing, 6, 18, 78, 81, 112, 113, 114-116, 121 solidification and stabilization techniques, 5, 78, 80, 101-103, 121, 215 sorption, 76, 78, 80, 86, 103 speciation, metals and radionuclides, 76,77,80 standards, 48, 50, 52-53; see also 283 Uranium Mill Tailings Remediation Control Act see also Plutonium; Uranium Regulatory issues, 2, 3-4, 39-71, 240, 245 alternate concentration limits, 48-49 applicable or relevant and appropriate requirement, 48, 49, 51 Department of Energy, 9, 10, 15-16, 18, 39-71, 206-207, 209, 211, 221, 236 drinking water, 3, 39, 42, 49-50, 149-150, 161 maximum contaminant levels, 4748, 49, 52 Safe Drinking Water Act, 42, 4748, 52 historical perspectives, 34, 58, 63 management and managers, 40, 49, 51, 54-55, 57, 60, 61, 62-63, 65, 69, 245 maximum contaminant levels, 4748, 49, 52 new technologies and, 9, 10, 15-16, 206 207, 209, 211, 221, 236 pump-and-treat remediation, 18 records of decision, 46, 52, 53, 54, 56, 61 63, 69 secrecy requirements, 25 soil screening level, 49-50 Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area, 9,10,12,39,54,55,57,61,63,68, 69, 221, 236, 243, 245 technical impracticability waivers, 54 58, 69 see also Legislation Redox manipulation, see In situ redox manipulation Remediation technologies, 1-2, 16-17, 55, 56-70 conventional, limitations of, 17-19 cost factors, 11, 19, 15, 90, 204-205, 206, 207, 211-212, 213, 220, 222, 223, 225, 228-229, 232, 236, 241, 246 DNAPLs, 5-6, 9, 137, 146, 150, 182, 188 metals and radionuclides, 112, 120 DNAPLs, 4, 7-9, 11, 17, 19, 84-85, 115, 133-135, 140-195, 208, 228-235, 241-242 cost factors, 5-6, 9, 137, 146, 150, 182, 188 evaluation, 134-136, 139, 145-146, 149-150, 152-154, 157-159, 161

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From page 284...

... 284 162, 165-168, 170-173, 177-182, 185-188, 190-195, 243 see also specific technologies infra and supra Department of Defense, viii, 7, 9-11 Department of Energy, viii-ix, 4, 9-11, 36, 72, 84-85, 101, 202-239; see also Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area metals and radionuclides, 4, 5-6, 11, 17, 19, 76, 77, 78-122, 168, 213, 222 228, 241, 243 cost factors, 112, 120 evaluation, 77-80, 105-107, 109-110, 111-114, 118-121 see also specific technologies site-level management and managers, 9, 16,40,47,49,51,54-55,57,60,61, 62-63, 65, 69, 204, 212, 225, 244 technical impracticability waivers, 54 58, 69 see also Evaluation and evaluation issues; Regulatory environment; Sensor technologies; Technical assistance; specific technologies Remediation Technologies Development Forum, 13, 248 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 3, 4048, 49, 53, 54, 68, 206, 213 brownfields, 63 technical impracticability waivers, 55, 57 Risk assessment, general, viii, 3, 13, 17, 21, 29, 30-35, 54, 65-68, 69, 241 brownfields, 64 ecological, 31, 33-35, 67, 73 excavation of soils, 18 metals and radionuclides, 74 new technology, 9, 10 subsurface barriers, 9, 10, 11 Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area, 9, 10, 11 wildlife, 33-35 Risk-based corrective action, 65-68, 69 Risk-based screening level, 4 Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site, 21, 24, 26, 30, 32, 34, 35, 43, 53, 73, 214, 256 INDEX S Safe Drinking Water Act, 42, 4748, 52 Sandia National Laboratories, 43, 60, 73, 213, 230, 254, 259, 267, 268 Savannah River Site, 19, 21, 24, 26, 30, 32, 34, 35, 43, 53, 73, 150, 161, 214, 261, 265, 266, 267 Seismic techniques, 95, 138 Semivolatile organic compounds, 8, 99, 168, 193-194, 230 Sensor technologies, 83-84, 94, 95, 133, 137140, 213, 216, 221, 225, 227, 228, 242, 266, 267 see also specific technologies Sequential extraction procedures, 82-83 Single-extraction procedures, 83 Site characterization and analysis penetrometer system, 222, 225 228, 243 Site Screening and Technical Guidance for Monitored Natural Atftenuation at DOE Sites, 60 Site technology coordination groups, 207 Site Technology Deployment Program, 211 212 Soil flushing and washing, 6, 18, 78, 81, 112, 113, 114-116, 121 Soil screening level, 49-50 Soil vapor extraction, 8, 9, 11, 135, 140-146, 150, 167, 168, 178, 193-194, 202, 215, 216, 229, 241-242, 266 thermally enhanced vapor extraction, 9, 228, 230-231, 243, 265 Solidification and stabilization techniques, 5, 78, 80, 101-103, 121, 215 Solvents for DNAPL remediation, 134 see also Chlorinated solvents; Cosolvent flushing Sorption, 76, 78, 80, 86, 103 Southern States Energy Board, 209, 211 Speciation, metals and radionuclides, 76, 77,80 Spectroscopy, 77, 83, 137 State and local governments, 39, 40, 140, 206, 240 brownfields, 63-64 monitored natural attenuation, 60-61 risk-based corrective action, 65 Standards, see Regulatory issues Steam injection, 8, 163-166, 134, 163-166,

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From page 285...

... , 186-187, 189-191, 230 Tritium, 28, 29, 208 U Uranium, 25, 28, 29, 32, 33, 48, 53, 73, 74, 76, 77, 111, 213, 254-263 Uranium Mill Tailings Remediation Control Act, 3, 22, 43, 46-47, 49, 51, 68 V Vadose zone, 84, 94, 95, 130, 131, 132 Video imaging system, (GeoVIS) , 137 Vinyl chloride, 29, 48, 173, 176, 177, 179, 186-187, 190 Vitrification, see In situ vitrification Volatile organic compounds, 137, 140-146, 150, 161, 178, 186, 213 see also Semivolative organic compounds W WASTECH, 13, 246 Weather, see Climatic conditions Wildlife, 33-35 World Wide Web, see Internet

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Index Pages 277-285

Index
Pages 277-285