Biographical Memoirs Volume 75 (1998) / Chapter Skim
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Bruno Benedetto Rossi
Bruno Benedetto Rossi
Pages 310-341
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- ~ fit TO TO TO TO So .-~ 5Q U UO En o UO 5o U
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. into a lifelong commitment." He recallecI: perfectly clear winter mornings when the air was so unusually transparent that the Alps surrounding Venice became clearly visible and appeared incredibly close (Fata Morgana if you are a child or a poet, anomalous atmospheric refraction if you are a scientist)
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by a brilliant group that incluclec! Gilberto Bernarclini, a recent cloctoral graduate from the University of Pisa, the young Enrico Persico, professor of theoretical physics at the University of Florence, who gave lectures on the new quantum mechanics of Heisenberg and Schrodinger, and enthusiastic students, especially Guiseppe Occhialini, Rossi's first cloctoral student en c!
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They hac! set up two Geiger counters, one above the other in a vertical plane, each connected to a separate fiber electrometer.
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by cosmic rays cluring a trip from Leiclen to {ave. Such a latitucle effect was attributable to deflection of primary charged particles by the Earth's magnetic field.
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At the invitation of Fermi, Rossi cleliverec! the introductory talk on cosmic rays at the Rome international conference on nuclear physics sponsored!
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In the other experiment, inspired by SkobeIzyn's description of high-energy particle tracks observer! in a magnet cloud chamber, Rossi placed three Geiger counters in a triangular configuration so that they conic!
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that the local cosmic rays consist of two components, a soft component capable of prolific generation of particle showers but rapicITy attenuates! in leac!
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Extensive air showers were rediscovered four years later by Auger en c! Maze, who carrier!
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After a brief stay at the Bohr Institute for Nuclear Physics in Copenhagen, they were invites! by Patrick Blackett to come to the University of Manchester.
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an apparatus to detect mesotrons by the coincidences of three Geiger counters align ec! in a vertical plane en c!
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The distribution of these times conformer! perfectly to an exponential curve of radioactive decay with a mean life of 2.15 + 0.06 microseconcis, a result in agreement with the more precise value obtainer!
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The next three years, as America went to war, she was often alone cluring Bruno's frequent en c! tedious trips by train from Ithaca to Boston by way of Syracuse and Albany to consult at the MIT Radiation Laboratory on instrumentation for the clevelopment of racier.
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experiment. In the RaLa experiment suggested by Robert Serber a strong radioactive source of gamma rays (raclio-lanthanum)
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The climactic experience of Rossi in the bomb project was his measurement of the exponential growth of the chain reaction in the plutonium test bomb at Trinity on July 16, 1945. Among his assistants was Herbert Bricked who wouic!
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former! the Cosmic Ray Group in the Laboratory for Nuclear Science en c!
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The energy spectrum of the primary cosmic-ray particles was extenclec! to 10~7 eV by a new technique of determining the properties of extensive air showers from samples of the particle clensity measurer!
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gamma rays in the primary racliation. Matthew Sancis has written about the spirit of the Rossi Cosmic Ray Group.
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NEW PARTICLES AND EXTENSIVE AIR SHOWERS (1950-60) When I joiner!
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explore the possibility of determining the arrival directions of extensive air showers by measuring the relative arrival times of shower particles over an array of detectors. Our experiment, with three scintillation detectors on the roof of an MIT building, validated the fast-timing method for determining the arrival directions of air showers (17~.
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replacer! cosmic rays for most particle physics research.
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by space vehicles was the possibility of exploring the sky in X rays. The pioneering work on solar X rays by Herbert Friedman en c!
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The MIT group was fully occupied at the time with air shower experiments in Bolivia en c! New Mexico, a satellite gamma-ray astronomy program initiates!
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the Moon as a source of scatterer! solar X rays.
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the new fielc! of extra-solar X-ray astronomy, which became a major activity of the worIcl's space research programs.
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As more professorial positions became available, responsibility gradually shifted to individual faculty members for procuring funding to support graduate students, portions of their own salaries, and the purchase of materials for carrying out instrument-building projects or observational programs using existing national facilities. This trend was especially characteristic of the space research sponsored by NASA.
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His own writings, together with the reminiscences generously proviclec! in letters to me by his former students, have easer!
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BRUNO BENEDETTO ROSSI 1975 Honorary fellow, Physical Research Institute, Ahmadabad, India 1976 Rumford Prize Award, American Academy of Arts and ~ ~clences 1977 Honorary doctorate, University of Chicago 1985 National Medal of Science 1987 Wolf Prize in Physics NOTES 337 1.
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1932 (3) Absorptionmessungen der durchdringenden korpuskularstrahlung in einem meter bled.
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Scherb. An experiment on air showers produced by high-energy cosmic rays.
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Ionization Chambers and Counters (New York: McGrawHill Book Co., 1949~. HIgh-Energy Particles (New York: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1 952)
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BRUNO BENEDETTO ROSSI 341 With S Olbert.
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