Industry-Laboratory Partnerships A Review of the Sandia Science and Technology Park Initiative (1999) / Chapter Skim
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I. Preface
I. Preface
Pages 9-20
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From page 9... ...
Whitney missed his first delivery date and encountered what we now call substantial cost overruns. However, his invention of interchangeable parts, and the machine tools to make them, was ultimately successful.
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The requirements of World War II generated a huge increase in government procurement and support for high-technology industries. At the industrial level, there were "major collaborative initiatives in pharmaceutical manufacturing, petrochemicals, synthetic rubber, and atomic weapons."3 An impressive array of weapons based on new technologies was developed during the war, ranging from radar and improved aircraft, to missiles and, not least, the atomic bomb.
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With growth externalities coming about in part from the exchanges of knowledge among innovators, certain regions become centers for particular types of high growth activities. Innovators are able to take advantage of knowledge that is "in the air" which addresses technology and other business development issues.7 In addition, some economists have suggested limitations to traditional trade theory, particularly with respect to the reality of imperfect international competition.8 Recent economic analysis suggests that high-technology is often characterized by increasing rather than decreasing returns, justifying to some the proposition that governments can capture permanent advantage in key industries by providing relatively small, but potentially decisive support to bring national industries up the learning curve and down the cost curve.
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From page 12... ...
One of the principal recommendations for further work emerging from that study was a call for an analysis of the principles of effective cooperation in technology development, to include lessons from national and international consortia, including eligibility standards and assessments of what new cooperative mechanisms might be developed to meet the challenges of international cooperation in high-technology products.l° In many high-technology industries, the burgeoning development costs for new technologies, the dispersal of technological expertise, and the growing importance of regulatory and environmental issues have provided powerful incentives for public-private cooperation. Notwithstanding the unsettled policy environment in Washington, collaborative programs have expanded substantially.
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From page 13... ...
economy. Writing twenty years ago, one well-known American economist observed that Americans are still remarkably uninformed about the long history of policies aimed at stimulating innovation.l3 Today, many Americans appreciate the contribution of technology to the current period of robust economic growth, however, there is little evidence that Americans are aware of the history of federal support for technological innovation, from radio to the Internet.
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They provide government R&D funding for enterprises of particular interest, and sometimes give overt support through direct grants, loans, and equity investments or more opaque support through mechanisms such as tax deferral.l9 Data collected by the Paris-based Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development suggest that worldwide government expenditures on support for high-technology industries involve significant resources and are increasingly focused on what policy makers consider to be strategic industries.20 The United States is an active, if unavowed, participant in this global competition, at both the state and the federal level. Indeed, the United States has a remarkably wide range of public-private partnerships in hightechnology sectors.21 In addition to the well-known cases mentioned above, 16 Cohen and Noll stress that political capture by distributive congressional politics and industrial interests are one of the principal risks for government-supported commercialization projects.
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From page 15... ...
The list would also include programs such as the national manufacturing initiative, National Science Foundation's (NSF) engineering research centers, NSF's science and technology centers, the National Institute of Science and Technology's Manufacturing Extension Program, and the multi-agency Small Business Innovation Research Program, among others.
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We wish to thank the following individuals for their participation in the review process: Harold Agnew, University of California; David Bruce Audretsch, Indiana University; Albert N Link, UNC Greensboro; Michael L
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PREFACE 17 making their experience and expertise available to Sandia and our project. Finally, we emphasize that the proceedings that follow do not make findings or recommendations; rather, they seek to capture the different perspectives of the participants on the Sandia proposal for a science and technology park.
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