Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice (2001) / Chapter Skim
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From page 363... ...
, 212, 215-216 black persons, 167, 231, 232, 237, 250, 254-257 child abuse, 162 confidentiality, 205, 212-213 conviction rates, 160 data submitted by courts, 156 detention and, 178, 179, 181 developmental factors, 14, 16, 17, 18, 20, 157, 166 double jeopardy, 159-160 due process, 158-159, 160, 244-245 gender factors, 167, 203, 204, 214 historical perspectives, 13, 154, 157162, 167, 214-215, 220-222 international perspectives, 17, 18-19, 20 363 jury trials, 160, 166 peer group interventions vs. 135 preventive interventions, 125 projection methodology, 62 racial factors, 6, 8, 156, 167, 216, 232, 237, 247, 249, 250-259 (passim)
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, 215-216, 220, 250 after care, 196-199 arrest rates, 10, 14, 27, 28, 32-48, 322 assault, 37, 39, 41, 46 child abuse, 96-97 community age structure, 96-97 criminal justice system, understanding of, 16 criminal responsibility, 14, 16, 17, 18, 20, 157, 206 definition of juvenile, 23, 236 detention, alternatives to, 180-183 elderly persons, 330, 331, 332, 336 gender related to, 68, 69, 95 gun use, 10, 209, 216 homicide, 37, 38, 40, 42, 43, 62-63, 207, 209, 322, 325, 326, 333, 336-344 incarceration, 186-187, 220, 221, 222 international perspectives, criminal responsibility, 17, 18, 20 job training, 151 juvenile justice system, 16, 157, 167, 170-173, 175-176, 180-183, 206211 (passim) , 215, 256 longitudinal studies, 68, 72 parental discipline, 78 peer influences, 80-82 prevalence, 10, 27, 28, 32-56, 64, 68, 319, 320-348 preventive interventions, 8, 105, 152 projections of crime rates, 319, 320348 property crime, 48-53 rape, 37, 38, 40 research methodology, 10, 64 risk factors, general, 10-11, 67-69, 71, 72,73,76-77,85,87,96-97,105 robbery, 37, 39, 41 school suspension/expulsion, 85, 87 sentencing, 210-212, 253-254 suicide, 45 INDEX teenage parents, 76-77, 102, 105, 116, 242 victim-offender mediation, 175-176 victims of crime, 29, 30, 35, 42 victim's perception of offender, 29, 35, 64 violent crimes, 10, 3348 (passim)
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, 244-249 (passim) , 254, 255, 256, 257, 259 research methodology, 10, 26-29, 37, 42,61,62 state-level factors, 26, 63-64 status offenses, 54-56 violent crimes, 3748, 62-63, 146 weapons, 41, 44, 164 Arson, 17, 32, 33, 51, 53 defined, 316 Asians, 234, 240-241 arrest rates, 230 incarceration, 222 school suspension, 85 365 Assault see also Homicide age factors, 37, 39, 41, 46 community-based interventions, 141 defined, 316 detention for, 177 gender factors, 59, 60, 235 police policies, 46-47, 48 prevalence, 2, 32, 36, 37, 39, 41, 46-48, 235, 322 racial factors, 235, 236, 238, 242, 246 victim-offender mediation, 175 Attention deficit disorder, 9, 71, 72, 73, 104, 190 Attitudes fear of victimization, 1, 99, 106, 133, 143, 145, 155, 158, 162, 316, 328 gun culture, 98 mentoring, 149 peer group interventions, 136-137 of police, 244, 245 toward police, 246 racial bias, 220-222, 242, 244-246 (passim)
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Jones, 159-160 Britain, see United Kingdom Bureau of Justice Statistics, 64, 225, 333 Bureau of the Census, 323-324, 336, 340 Burglary, 27, 32, 33, 49, 50, 52, 322 defined, 316 gender factors, 59 racial factors, 238 victim-offender mediation, 175 C Canada, 17 after-school interventions, 149-150 homicides, 45-46 INDEX Capital punishment, 21, 157, 187, 211, 252253 Car theft, see Motor vehicle theft Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement, 10, 186, 225 Child abuse, 3-4, 78-79, 96-97, 103 court involvement, 162 defined, 317 incarcerated juveniles, 186-187 preventive interventions, 111, 116 sexual, 31, 204 Children in Custody Census, 186 see also Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement Children's Defense Fund, 211 Cocaine, 9, 57, 71, 97, 98, 104, 190, 258, 317, 330 see also Crack cocaine Community-level factors, 21 see also Familial factors; Local government; Peers and friends; Rural areas; Schoolbased interventions; Schools, other; Surveillance after care, 194-200, 350-352; see also Probation and parole alcohol and drug abuse, general, 93, 97-98 alcohol and drug abuse interventions, 141, 143, 146-147 arrest rates and interventions, 141, 143 assault, interventions, 141 black persons, 90-92, 237-238, 240241, 258 community service, 172-173, 179, 227 counseling, 140-141 detention / incarceration, alternatives to, 7, 141, 176, 195, 200, 213, 224 diversion, 170-173 economic development, 90-92, 96, 103, 145-146 socioeconomic status, 139, 141142, 143, 147, 148 educational attainment, 141, 147 employment effects of criminal embeddedness, 201, 203 familial interventions, 4, 79-80, 95, 105, 139, 140-144 funding, 7, 8, 213, 224
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,. tnJra mentors, 140-141, 147-149 parent, 112,113,118,136-137, 182183, 184 peer, 82,132,135, 136-137 probation and, 184 racial factors, 247, 249 student, 113,131,132, 133 Courts, see Adjudication Crack cocaine, 45, 46, 97-98, 330 Curfews, 54, 55, 57-58, 145, 163,179 after care, 194 defined, 318 D Day care, 117-118 Death sentence, see Capital punishment Definitional issues, 23 academic tracking, 87 alcohol and drug abuse, 317-318 child abuse and neglect, 78-79 criminal delinquency, 162 diversion, 169 due process, 244(n.4)
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368 racial disparity, 229-231 status offenses, 162 Uniform Crime Reports, 315-318 Delaware, 188 Demographic factors see also Age factors; Gender factors; Marital status; Race/ethnicity; Rural areas; Urban areas detention, 177 projections of crime rates, 61, 319, 320, 336 Denmark, 18-19, 20 Department of Education Safe and Drug-Free Schools Program, 1 Department of Justice, 10 see also Federal Bureau of Investigation; Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Bureau of Justice Statistics, 64, 225, 333 Detention, 2, 4, 7, 156, 176-182, 223-224 see also Incarceration adjudication and, 178,179,181 age factors in alternatives to, 180-183 attorneys, right to, 166 black persons, 178, 179, 182, 233 community-based alternatives to detention / incarceration, 7, 141, 176, 195, 200, 213, 224 community service, 172-173,179, 227 costs of alternatives to, 7,179 counseling as alternative to, 180-181, 182-183, 247, 249 drug abuse, 177,182-183 familial factors, 178,180-181 gender factors, 178, 179, 203-204 historical perspectives, 158, 159, 161, 162, 177 mental illness and, 178, 223 peers and friends, 178 police policies, 164 racial factors, 178,179,182, 232, 233, 247, 249 recidivism and, 181,183 school-based alternatives to, 182-183 schools, impacts on education of detainee, 178 sentencing and, 177 standards, 12, 226 INDEX status offenses, 176,177-178,180-182 urban areas, 179 Deterrence, 2, 4, 21, 85, 192, 210, 218, 330 see also Recidivism Developmental factors, 1, 3, 5,14, 15-16, 22, 66-106 see also Age factors; Early childhood development; Familial factors; Parental factors; Prenatal/ perinatal risk factors adjudication, criminal responsibility, 14,16, 17, 18, 20, 157 right to an attorney, decision, 166 alcohol and drug abuse, 73-74 attention deficit disorder, 9, 71, 72, 73,104,190 conduct disorder, 3, 67, 73, 75,100, 101, 190 gender factors, 67, 73 hyperactivity, 9, 70, 71, 73,104,121, 129, 191 impulsivity, 9, 67, 70, 71, 72, 77,100, 102, 104, 121, 131, 328 language development, 3, 72-73,105 longitudinal studies, 67, 68, 72, 74, 75, 77, 105 racial factors, 67, 72, 228 research methodology, 66-67, 79 socioeconomic status and, 72 workshop agenda, 352-353 Diet, see Nutrition Disproportionate Minority Confinement initiative, 228-229 see also Race/ethnicity Diversion, 155,167-176, 223 arrest rates, 171,173 community-level factors, 170-173 counseling, 170,173, 174 defined, 169 family counseling, 170,173,174 foster care, 7, 166, 172-173, 174-175, 224 mediation, 132,170-171, 175-176; see also "restitution" infra peers and friends, 172-173 recidivism, 169,171, 176 restitution, 165,166,171,172, 173, 176, 179, 195, 223 restorative justice model, general, 20, 156, 176, 195, 213, 223 school-based interventions, 172-173
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, 118, 119 housing, 139,140-141,142-144, 145, 240, 241 intergenerational effects of criminality, 201, 202
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c counties Foster care, 7,166,172-173,174-175, 224 France, 18-19 Friends, see Peers and friends Funding, 7, 9,11-12 after care, 200 community-based treatments, 7, 8, 213, 224 female juvenile offense research, 10 incarceration, federal funding requirements, 11, 155 INDEX incarceration, research on, 225, 226, 228-229 research, general, 64, 152, 153, 226227, 228-229 state funding for preventive interventions, 153, 225 state juvenile justice systems, federal funding, 155 G Gangs, 83, 93-94, 95, 98, 99, 330 police policies, 144-145 in re Gault, 159 Gender factors, 108 see also Marital status; Prenatal/ perinatal risk factors; Rape; Teenage parents adjudication, 167, 203, 204, 214 adult justice system, waiver to, 214 age factors and, 68, 69, 95 arrest rates, 34, 56, 57-60, 164, 203, 244, 245-246, 322 assault, 59, 60, 235 burglary, 59 child abuse, 101,102 community-level factors and, 83, 9394,95,96,101 contempt charges, 204 curfew violations, 57-58 detention, 178,179, 203-204 developmental factors, 67, 73 drug use, 56-57, 59,102, 203 employment and justice system involvement, 201, 202 foster care, 175 gangs, 83, 93-94, 95, 98,144-145, 330 guns, 45, 98-99 homicide, 61, 339 incarceration, 102,158,186-187, 203204 intelligence, 102 juvenile justice system, 10,106, 156, 158,164,167,175-176,178,179, 201, 202, 203-204, 214, 227 longitudinal studies, 101, 204 maternal behavior, general, 108 maternal employment, 14 mental illness, 3,102,190 mentoring, 148
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INDEX peers and friends, 100, 137; see also "gangs" supra police policies, 243, 245 prevalence, 34, 56, 57-60, 322, 328; see also "arrest rates" supra probation, 158, 204 property crimes, 58, 203 prostitution, 58 racial factors and, 67, 95, 96, 235, 241242, 244 recidivism, 69 risk factors, 11, 57-60, 68, 69, 76-77, 83, 85, 93-94, 95, 96, 98, 100102, 106 robbery, 60, 235 runaways, 56, 57-58, 59, 101 school-based interventions, 125 school suspension, 85 self-reports of delinquency, 31, 58 sentencing, 203, 253-254 status offenses, 203, 204 suicide, 45, 46, 102 theft, 59, 60 vandalism, 59, 60 victims of crime, 101 victim-offender mediation, 175-176 violent crimes, 58, 59, 69, 203, 241242, 328-329 weapons use, 60, 235 General Accounting Office, 215, 250 Genetic factors, 66, 230 Geographic factors, 90, 258, 322, 324 see also Community-level factors; Rural areas; State-level factors; Urban areas arrest data, 26 gender, juvenile justice system, 204 homicide, 42 residential segregation, 91, 92, 95, 96, 103, 236, 238, 240-241 Germany, 18-19, 20, 21 Government role, see Federal government Local government; State government Guggenheim Foundation, 1 Guns, 4445, 97, 106 adult justice system, waiver to, 209, 215 age factors, 10, 209, 216 arrest rates, 44, 47 blacks, 98 community-level factors, 97, 98-99 371 gender factors, 45, 98-99 gun/drug culture, 98 homicides, 2, 4243, 44, 45-46, 47, 63, 98, 99 peer influences, 83 prevalence of, 2, 10, 42-47 (passim) , 330 racial factors, 46 status offenses, 54 suicides, 44-45, 46 H Health care incarcerated persons, 188 Health insurance, detention and coverage, 178 Heroin, 9, 71, 104, 317 Hispanics adult justice system, waiver to, 216, 219, 220 arrest rates, 34, 230, 246 classification of, 230 gangs, 95 incarceration, 219, 220, 222 juvenile justice system, 8, 34, 219, 220, 222, 230, 238-241, 246, 252, 258 policing policies, 246 preventive interventions, 117 risk factors, 85, 90-91, 95, 238-241, 252 school suspension, 85 socioeconomic factors, 238-239, 240 urban neighborhoods, 90-91 Historical perspectives, 2, 25, 107, 204-205, 320-329 see also Prevalence adjudication, 13, 154, 157-162, 167, 214-215, 220-222 adult justice system, general, 157, 159 adult justice system, waiver to, 214215, 220-222 age of criminal responsibility, 14 detention, 158, 159, 161, 162, 177 drug offenses, 54, 55, 56-57 familial risk factors, 75 gangs, 93-94 incarceration, 157, 158, 160-161, 187, 220-222 juvenile justice system, 5, 154-155, 203 legislation and policy, 4, 13-14
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, 118, 119 Homicide, 3 see also Suicide adult justice system, waiver to, 207, 209, 214, 216 age factors, 37, 38, 40, 42, 43, 62-63, 207, 209, 322, 325, 326, 333, 336-344 alcohol and drug abuse and, 43-44, 4546 black persons, 42, 98, 339-344 community-based interventions, 146 defined, 315 gender factors, 61, 339 gun-related, 2, 4243, 44, 4546, 47, 63, 98, 99 international perspectives, 21, 4546 Internet, 40, 43 prevalence, 1, 2, 21, 32, 33, 37, 38, 40, 4246, 47, 62-63 projections, 3, 61, 63, 322, 325, 333-344 Uniform Crime Reports, 27, 28, 29,37,42 racial factors, 42, 98, 242, 253, 333, 339-344 robbery, homicide during, 28, 29 self-reports, 47 socioeconomic status, 90 urban areas, 42, 45, 90 victims of, 30, 42 INDEX waiver to adult justice system, 207, 209, 214, 216 weapons, 41, 42-43; see also "gunrelated" supra Housing, 139, 140-141, 142-144, 145 see also Incarceration homeless persons, 30 racial factors, 240, 241; see also Segregation Hungary, 18-19 Hyperactivity, 9, 70, 71, 73, 104, 121, 129, 191 I Idaho, 218 Illinois, 157, 216 Immigrants incarceration, 221 juvenile justice system, 158 Impulsivity, 9, 67, 70, 71, 72, 77, 100, 102, 104, 121, 131, 328 Incarceration, 4, 5-6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 156, 166, 168-169, 186-191, 193, 213, 223-224, 226, 227, 328-329 see also Probation and parole; Sentencing abuse of incarcerated children, 186-187 adult facilities, children in, 6, 12, 17, 161, 217-218, 219, 220-222, 225, 231 blended juvenile and adult sentences, 5, 210-211, 219-220, 223 after care, 194-200 age factors, 186-187, 220, 221, 222 black persons, 220, 221, 222, 232, 233, 255, 256, 257 Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement, 10, 186, 225 community-based alternatives to detention / incarceration, 7, 141, 176, 195, 200, 213, 224 community service, 172-173, 179, 227 condition of facilities, 6, 186-188, 224 cost factors, 155 drug offenders, 45, 186, 187, 190-191 220 educational attainment and, 223
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INDEX education of inmates, 5,11,14, 186, 187, 188, 189-190, 223, 225 employment effects, 5, 202 federal funding requirements, 11,155 funding of research on, 186,193-194, 225, 226, 228-229 gender factors, 102, 158,186-187, 203 204 health care, 188 Hispanics, 219, 220, 222 historical perspectives, 157, 158, 160 161, 187, 220-222 immigrants, 221 international perspectives, 19, 20, 21 isolation/lockups, 11,188,193-194, Internet 231, 225 job training, 151 Juvenile Residential Facility Census, 10 length of, 17,19, 20, 21,155, 156, 159, 161-162, 202, 211, 217-218, 219, 221-222, 224, 253 longitudinal studies, 191 mental health and illness, 5,10,150, 161, 186, 189, 190-191, 223, 257 nutrition, 187 physical restraints, 11, 225 property crimes, 220 racial factors, 219, 220, 221, 222, 228, 231, 232, 233, 249, 255, 256, 257, 259 rape, 187 recreational activities, 189,193 research methodology, 186, 225, 226; see also "funding of research on" supra shock intervention programs, 8, 152 153, 192 standards, 12, 188,189, 226 state variations, 11,156, 228 status offenses, 54 suicide, 188, 223 violent crime, 44, 186, 213, 219, 220 Intelligence, 16, 72 preventive interventions, 116,121 race and, 230 school suspension, 85-86, 87 school tracking and grade retention, 4, 9, 11-12, 83-84, 87-89, 103, 104 373 International convention on Civil and Political Rights, 211 International perspectives, 17-21 see also Immigrants; specific countries adjudication, 17,18-19, 20 adult criminal justice system, 17, 19, 21 capital punishment, 211 criminal responsibility, age of, 17, 18, 20 homicide, 21, 45-46 incarceration / sentencing, 1 9, 20, 21 teenage parents, 77 violent crimes, 17, 20, 21, 4546 arrest rates, 32, 35, 40 drug offenses, 55 homicides, 40, 43 property crime, 49, 50 status offenses, 54, 55 suicide, 46 Interventions, 12,14, 21 see also Behavioral modification interventions; Detention; Diversion; Education; Incarceration; Preventive interventions; Recreational activities; School-based interventions after care, general, 194-200, 350-352; see also Probation and parole; Surveillance multisystemic therapy, 174, 224 peer influences, 82,174 Italy, 18-19 Jails, see Detention; Incarceration Japan, 18-19 Judicial proceedings, see Adjudication Jury trials, 160, 166 Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act, 2,13, 21, 54, 155, 161, 228 see also Status offenses
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the United States, 158-159, 207-208 INDEX L Land, Kenneth, 319-348 Language development, 3, 72-73, 105 Larceny, see Burglary; Robbery; Theft Lawyers, see Attorneys Legislation, 2, 4 Education for All Handicapped Children Act, 189 foreign countries, 20 historical perspectives, 4, 13-14 Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act, 2, 13, 21, 54, 155, 161, 228 state, 1, 5, 13, 25, 155-156, 157, 161162, 165, 204-222 Litigation, see Adjudication Local factors, see Community-level factors Local government, 1, 7, 13 see also Police policies juvenile justice systems, 155 prenatal exposure to alcohol/drugs, 9, 105 projections of crime and, 64-65 status offenses, 54-56 Longitudinal studies, 12 age factors, 68, 72 alcohol and drug abuse, 74 developmental factors, 67, 68, 72, 74, 75, 77, 105 divorce, 75 family interventions, 111-115 (passim) , 118-119 gender factors, 101, 204 incarceration, mental health issues, 191 number of children in family, 77 parental punishment, 78 prenatal interventions, 109 preventive interventions, 111-115 (passim)
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, ix, 1, 10, 64, 152, 156(n.1) , 200, 226, 231232 Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement, 10, 186, 225 229 Outreach, 108-116 Disproportionate Minority Confinement initiative, 228p Parental factors, 34, 71, 75, 96-97, 103, 330 see also Child abuse; Familial factors; Prenatal/perinatal risk factors after-school interventions, 149 community-based interventions, 140144 counseling, 112, 113, 118, 136-137, 182-183, 184 discipline, age factors, 78
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, 120,151-152 racial factors, 238-239 smoking, 217-218, 220 teenage parents, 76-77,102,105, 116, 242 Prevalence, ix, 1, 2,13, 17, 23-24, 25-65 see also Arrest rates; Uniform Crime Reports adjudication, 167 age factors, 10, 27, 28, 32-56, 64, 68, 319, 320-348 alcohol and drug abuse, 4344, 4546, 54,55,56-57,59, 74,330,332 arrest rates, 111,141,143
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, 120, 151-152 projections, 3, 7, 60-62, 64-65, 319-348 racial factors, 117, 119-120 research methodology, 8, 108-153 (passim) sexual activity, 109 shock intervention programs, 8, 152153, 192 smoking, 9, 105, 108, 111 socioeconomic status, 109, 117 welfare, 109, 111, 116 teenage parents, 116 urban areas, 119-120 Prisons, see Incarceration Probation and parole, 111, 156, 165, 166, 168-169, 179, 182-186, 194, 195, 198, 226 see also After care adult justice system, waiver to, 217 blended juvenile and adult sentences, 211 counseling, 184 court referrals, 162 defined, 185 gender factors, 158, 204 historical perspectives, 158, 160, 184 job training, 151 peer group interventions, 135 racial factors, 233, 251 recidivism, 184, 185
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, 250, 251-253 burglary, 238 community-based interventions, 147 community-level factors, 90-92, 95, 96, 103, 147, 236, 237-238, 240241, 259; see also "segregation" infra counseling, 247, 249 definitional issues, disparity, 229-231 detention, 178, 179, 182, 232, 233, 247, 249 developmental factors, 67, 72, 228 early childhood, 238, 239-240 employment, 202, 238, 239, 240 gangs, 95 gender factors and, 67, 95, 96, 235, 241-242, 244 guns, 46 historical perspectives on bias, 220222, 250 homicides, 42, 98, 242, 253, 333, 339344 housing, 240, 241; see also "segregation" infra incarceration, 219, 220, 221, 222, 228, 231, 232, 233, 249, 255, 256, 257, 259 intelligence and, 230 juvenile justice system, 2, 3, 6, 8, 22, 24, 34, 63, 156, 167, 216, 219, 220, 230-258 (passim) mentoring, 148 police policies, 6, 8, 243-247 prenatal/perinatal risk, 238-239 prevalence, 3, 31, 34, 46, 56, 229, 235, 322 preventive interventions, 117, 119-120 probation, 233, 251 punitive policies, general, 13-14 rape, 236, 242 research methodology, 8, 64, 229-231, 234, 235, 247, 248-249, 259-260 risk factors, 56, 63, 67, 72, 76, 85, 86, 90-92, 95, 96, 97-98, 103, 237242, 252, 253, 254-258 robbery, 235, 236, 242, 246, 253 rural areas, 259 school suspension, 85
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INDEX Rape segregation, 91, 92, 95, 96, 103, 236, 238, 240-241 self-reports of delinquency, 31, 230, 235-236, 248-249 sentencing, 252-254 single-parent families, 76, 252 socioeconomic status, 237-239, 240, 246, 253 state-level disparities, 233, 234, 237, 239 suicide rates, 46 urban neighborhoods, 90-92, 250 victim-offender mediation, 175-176 victims of crime, other, 235, 238, 246, 253 victims' perception of offender, 64, 236 violent crimes, general, 34, 230, 235, 241-242, 246, 333 weapons, 46, 235 workshop agenda, 353-354 adult justice system, waiver to, 214, 216 age factors, 37, 38, 40 confidentiality of court proceedings, 213 defined, 316 incarceration, 187 prevalence, 2, 27, 32, 37, 38, 40, 235 racial factors, 236, 242 Recidivism, 4, 7, 11, 155, 191, 193 see also Deterrence adult justice system, waiver to, 215, 218-219, 223 after care, 195, 197, 199-200 detention, alternatives to, 181, 183 diversion and, 169, 171, 176 gender factors, 69 mediation, 176 probation, 184, 185 school suspension, 85 Recreational activities, 93, 130, 136, 175 after-school programs, 149-150 incarcerated persons, 189, 193 mentoring, 148, 149 Research methodology, 2, 10-12, 26-31, 62 see also Definitional issues; Funding; Longitudinal studies; Selfreports of offenders after care, 195-200 after-school interventions, 149-150 379 age factors, 10, 64 arrest data, 10, 26-29, 37, 42, 61, 62 committee study at hand, ix, 1-2, 2122, 107, 349-354 community-based interventions, 7 138-151, 193 detention and alternatives to, 176-183 developmental factors, 66-67, 79 diversion, 169-174 ethnographic, 94-95 familial factors, 79, 108-120, 124-125, 135, 193 familial interventions, 108-120, 124125, 135 incarceration, 186, 193-194, 225, 226, 228-229 job training, 150-151 juvenile justice system, 163, 170-171, 175-176, 191-194, 229-231, 234, 235, 247 Juvenile Residential Facility Census, 10 mediation, 170-171, 175-176 mentoring, 147-149 multisystemic therapy, 174, 224 National Incident-Based Reporting System, 10 peer influences, 82 peer interventions, 125, 135-138, 140143, 151, 153 police policies, evaluation, 144-145, 163, 247 prenatal interventions, 108-109 preventive interventions, 8, 108-153 (passim) probation, 183-185, 196-199 projections of crime, 60-62, 64-65, 319-346 racial factors, 8, 64, 229-231, 234, 235, 247, 248-249, 259-260 school-based interventions, 114, 118, 119-120, 121-135, 140-141, 146 Uniform Crime Reports, 10, 26-29, 63-64 victim reports, 29-30 Restitution, 165, 166, 171, 172, 173, 176, 179, 195, 223 Restorative justice model, 20, 156, 176, 195, 213, 223 see also Mediation fines, 159, 166, 172-173, 195
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380 Risk factors, ix, 1, 3, 10-11, 24, 66-106 see also Age factors; Alcohol and drug abuse; Community-level factors; Developmental factors; Familial factors; Geographic factors; Interventions; Peers and friends; Preventive interventions; Race/ethnicity; Socioeconomic status compound, 201, 231, 253, 254-258 Robbery see also Burglary age factors, 37, 39, 41 defined, 316 gender factors, 60, 235 homicide during, 28, 29 prevalence, 2, 27, 29, 32, 37, 39, 41, 235, 236, 322 Uniform Crime Reports, 27, 28, 29 racial factors, 235, 236, 242, 246, 253 Runaways, 54, 56, 109, 160, 162 defined, 318 gender factors, 56, 57-58, 59, 101 Rural areas attorney, right to representation by, 166 community-based interventions, 147 racial factors, 259 school risk factors, 85, 87 Russia, 18-19, 21 S Safe and Drug-Free Schools Program, 1 School-based interventions, 1, 4-5, 8-9, 1112,72-73,107,114,118,119120, 121-135, 140-141, 146-147, 151, 152 after-school interventions, 149-150 alcohol and drug abuse, 122, 129 attendance, 124, 125, 130, 131, 132, 147, 148 counseling, 113, 131, 132, 133 detention, alternatives to, 182-183 diversion, 172-173 early childhood, 123, 132-133 foster care and, 175 gender factors, 125 longitudinal studies, 121, 122 peer group interventions, 125, 136137 INDEX research methodology, 114, 118, 119120, 121-135, 140-141, 146 Safe and Drug-Free Schools Program, 1 workshop agendas, 350 Schools, other, 4 see also Education; Educational attainment attendance, 30, 62, 87, 124, 125, 130, 131, 132, 147, 148, 162, 175 confidentiality of court proceedings, 212-213 detention and, 178 dropouts, 88, 104, 121, 147, 151 mass shootings, 342 property crime, damage to, 48, 49, 60, 123, 129 risk factors, age, 69, 72-73, 83-89, 103, 104, 122, 123 self-report data, 30 suspension / expulsion, 84-87, 1 04 tracking and grade retention, 4, 9, 1112, 83-84, 87-89, 103, 104 workshop agendas, 349-350 Segregation, 91, 92, 95, 96, 103, 236, 238, 240-241 Self-reports of offenders, 2, 6, 10, 26, 30-31, 36-37 after care, 197, 199 assault, 48 attendance, 124, 125, 130, 131, 132, 147, 148 child abuse, 79 co-offending, 64 diversion programs, 171 drug use, 56 gender factors, 31, 58 homicide, 47 peer group interventions, 137 property crimes, 48 race/ethnicity, 31, 230, 235-236, 248249 status offenses, 55 violent crimes, 48, 58 Sentencing, 5, 13, 44, 155, 166, 168, 104, 205, 210-212, 215, 217-218 see also Adjudication; Adult criminal justice system; Incarceration; Probation and parole adult justice system, waiver to, 217218, 220
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INDEX age factors, 210-212, 253-254 attorneys, right to, 166 black persons, 252-253 blended juvenile and adult sentencing, 5, 210-211, 219-220, 223 capital punishment, 21, 157, 187, 211, 252-253 community service, 172-173, 179, 227 detention and, 177 fines, 159, 166, 172-173, 195 gender factors, 203, 253-254 international perspectives, 19, 20, 21 length of, 17, 19, 20, 21, 155, 156, 159, 161-162, 202, 211, 217-218, 219, 221-222, 224, 253 mandatory, 161-162, 211 projections of crime and, 64-65 racial factors, 252-254 restitution, 165, 166, 171, 172, 173, 176, 179, 195, 223 restorative justice model, general, 20, 156, 176, 195, 213, 223 Sex differences, see Gender factors Sexual abuse, 31, 101, 187, 204 see also Rape confidentiality of court proceedings, 212 defined, 317 prostitution, 58 Sexual activity preventive interventions, 109 prostitution, 58 school-based interventions, 127 Single-parent families, 3, 14, 75-76, 92, 109, 242, 252 Smoking community-based interventions, 141, 146-147 peer group interventions, 135, 138 prenatal exposure, 71, 105 preventive interventions, 9, 105, 108, 111 Social factors, general, 5 see also Community-level factors; Familial factors; Peers and friends; Race/ethnicity early childhood interventions, 116 preventive interventions, 108 risk factors, 14, 15, 66, 67, 69, 71, 72, 74-83, 103, 108 381 school-based interventions, 126 self-reports of delinquency, stigma, 31 Socioeconomic status, 14, 103, 200-203, 328 see also Educational attainment; Employment factors after-school interventions, 150 bias, 2 black persons, 237-238, 240, 245, 258 community-based interventions, 139, 141-142, 143, 147, 148 economic development, 90-92, 96, 103, 145-146 community-level factors, 90-92, 96, 103 developmental risk factors, 72 Hispanics, 238-239, 240 homeless persons, 30 homicide, 90 job training, 150-151 juvenile justice system, 158, 201, 237238, 240, 246, 253 mentoring, 148 policing policies, 246 prenatal interventions, 109 preventive interventions, 109, 117 racial factors, 237-239, 240, 246, 253 school suspension, 85 single-parent families, 76 urban areas, 90-92, 96 welfare, 109, 111, 116, 201 Standards adult court, waiver of juveniles to, 208-209 American Correctional Association 226 community-based interventions, evaluation, 139 detention and incarceration, 12, 226 educational, incarcerated persons, 189 health care, incarcerated persons, 188 racial disparities, state comparisons, 234 State government, ix, 1, 5, 7, 13, 23, 63-64, 225, 226 see also Adult criminal justice system; Juvenile justice system antisocial youths, grouping practices, funding for preventive interventions, 153, 225
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382 incarcerated persons, treatment of, 11, 156, 228 legislation, 1, 5, 13, 25, 155-156, 157, 161-162, 165, 204-222 prenatal exposure to alcohol/drugs, 9, 105 probation, 183, 184 projections of crime and, 64-65 racial disparities, 233, 234 status offenses, 54-56 State-level factors arrest data, 26, 63-64 racial disparities, 233, 234, 237, 239 Status offenses, 54-56, 57-58, 162, 167, 223 see also Runaways alcohol use, 54, 55, 59, 74, 160 curfews, 54, 55, 57-58, 145, 163, 179, 194, 318 detention, alternatives to, 176, 180182 detention for, 177-178 disobedience /incorrigibility, 23, 24, 73, 101, 160, 162, 203 guns, possession of, 54 historical perspectives, 54-56, 160, 161 Internet, 54, 55 prevalence, 54-56, 167 probation, 184 Stigma of delinquency, 31, 157, 174, 212, 216, 242, 328; see also Confidentiality Substance abuse, see Alcohol and drug abuse Suburban areas, 259 Suicide, 4445, 46, 102 detained/incarcerated persons, 188, 223 gun-related, 4445, 46 Superpredators, ix, 7, 25, 328-329 Supplemental Homicide Reports, 29, 37, 42, 339 Supreme Court, see Constitutional law Surveillance, 176, 182, 194, 196, 199, 200, 223, 258 see also Probation and parole electronic monitoring, 194 Survey of Youth in Residential Placement, 225 Sweden, 18-19, 20 Switzerland, 18-19, 20 INDEX T Teenage parents, 76-77, 102, 105, 242 preventive interventions, 116 Texas, 187-188, 219 Theft, 27, 32, 33, 50, 52, 322 see also Burglary; Motor vehicle theft; Robbery defined, 316 developmental factors, 67 gender factors, 59, 60 victim-offender mediation, 175 Tobacco use, see Smoking U Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) , 10, 26-29, 30, 32-34, 63-64, 236-237, 248249, 254, 321-322, 323, 330, 339 age factors, 10, 27, 28, 321-322, 323, 330 definition of offenses used in, 315-318 Supplemental Homicide Reports, 29, 37, 42, 339 United Kingdom employment and justice system involvement, 201 number of children in family, 77 socioeconomic segregation, 91 teenage parents, 77 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 211 Urban areas, 90-92, 240-241, 242, 252, 328 adult justice system, waiver to, 214, 215, 216, 250 after care, 198-199 attorney, right to representation by, 166 community-based interventions, 139, 142-144, 146-147 curfews, 163 detention, alternatives to, 179 drug abuse, 45, 73-74 employment effects of criminal embeddedness, 201 gangs, 83, 93-94, 95, 98, 99, 144-145, 330 Hispanics, 90-91 homicides, 42, 45, 90 police policies, 163, 246
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From page 383... ...
probation, 185 racial factors, 34, 230, 235, 241-242 246, 333 superpredators, ix, 7, 25, 328-329 Uniform Crime Reports, general, 10, 27, 330 victim reports, 35 Virginia, 215-216 W Waiver of right to attorney, 166 Waiver to adult justice system, 2, 5, 161162, 165, 168, 206-209, 214-219, 223, 225, 226 age of waiver to, 1, 25, 206-209 (passim) , 215-216, 220, 250 black persons, 216, 220, 221, 231, 232, 233, 250, 257-258
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From page 384... ...
384 Welfare INDEX drug crimes, 214-215, 216, 220 gender factors, 214 gun used in crime, 209, 215 historical perspectives, 214-215, 220222 homicides, 207, 209, 214, 216 property crimes, 216, 220 prosecutorial filings, 5, 155, 207, 208209, 214, 215, 216, 223 racial factors, 216, 219, 220, 221, 222, 231, 232, 233, 250, 254-258 rape, 214, 216 recidivism, 215, 218-219, 223 sentencing, 217-218, 220 standards, 208-209 urban areas, 214, 215, 216, 250 violent crimes, 207, 209, 214, 216 weapon used in crime, 209, 215, 216 Weapons, 99, 330 see also Guns adult justice system, waiver to, 209, 215, 216 arrest reports, 41, 44, 164 definition of possession as crime, 317 gender factors, 60, 235 homicides, 41, 4243 racial factors, 46, 235 employment and justice system involvement, 201 preventive interventions, 109, 111, 116 White persons, 228, 232, 235, 251, 254-256 adjudication, 255, 256, 257 adult courts, waiver to, 250 arrest rates, 34, 56, 232, 235-237, 244, 255, 256, 257 community-based interventions, 147 developmental factors, 67 drug use, 56, 63 employment, 202 gangs, 95 gender factors, 67, 95 homicides, 339-344 incarceration, 222, 232, 255, 256, 257 policing policies, 244, 246 sentence length, 253 single-parent families, 76, 252 socioeconomic factors, 238-239, 240, 258 suicide rates, 46 victims of crime, 246 Women, see Gender factors; Prenatal/ perinatal risk factors World Wide Web, see Internet Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance system, 30
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