The Roles of Government and Industry in Research and Development for the Maritime Industries An Interim Report (1986) / Chapter Skim
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4. Technology Development and Application in the Maritime Industries
4. Technology Development and Application in the Maritime Industries
Pages 15-30
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From page 15... ...
shipbuilding industry. Even expanded Navy ship acquisition programs require less than the industry's capacity.
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Four shipbuilders employ approximately 70 percent of the total new construction work force. The industry has made significant advances in shipbuilding productivity through technology advancements and better management in the design, planning, and production processes, in part as a result of the competitive award of naval shipbuilding contracts with incentives to minimize cost.
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Department of Defense; all have benefited from the collaborative National Shipbuilding Research Program. The National Shipbuilding Research Program is a cooperative venture between the shipbuilding industry and MarAd.
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In summary, technology developments in the shipbuilding industry focus on manufacturing and production improvements aimed at productivity gains and reduced costs. Considerable progress has been made in the last ~ years in reducing the labor hours in shipbuilding.
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liner operators, which also operate marine terminals, are investigating technologies needed by all, such as systems for automatic identification of containers. Significant
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Most of the effective manning advances to date were developed and applied first by foreign ship operators, often as the result of collaborative national programs. In addition to the technology development required for more effective manning, organizational changes are required based on work redesign.
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Further reductions in manning and auto-pilots controlled by a computer routing/collision avoidance system are expected applications. Other technological changes will probably include remote cargo and ship condition management whereby preprogrammed cargo loading/discharge and ship condition changes are performed without shipboard crew involvement.
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From page 22... ...
However, the barriers to more effective technology development for the ship operating industry include lack of economic incentives and a weak R&D inErastructura. In summary, technology developments in the ship operating industry focus on implementation of containerization and intermodal systems, effective manning, and ship management and handling.
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Advances in seaport marine terminal technology as well as channel depth, labor-management relations, equipment and facilities, management techniques and computer systems can improve terminal productivity. These areas are discussed next for general cargo terminals as well as bulk cargo terminals.
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Labor-Management Relations The application of technology to the operations of the marine terminal industry has had and continues to have a profound impact on the use of longshore labor as well as on labor-management relations within the industry. The use of containers for packaging ship cargo, for example, has prompted significant productivity gains by reducing labor costs and more efficiently using capital assets such as oceangoing liner vessels .
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It is apparent that a major labor management challenge facing the marine terminal industry on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts arises from the lack of flexibility in the traditional work rules. The high costs of redundant workers in marine terminals makes this particularly inefficient.
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They fear that once they enter into the fray of intermodal container operations with standard equipment and fixed port facilities, development of more efficient containers and automated ports will make their investments obsolete. The cost of buying, maintaining, and controlling ocean containers has resulted in renewed interest in break-bulk cargo handling.
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and engineers. In summary, technology developments in the marine terminal industry focus on channel improvements, labor-management relations, equipment and facilities productivity improvements, and computer systems.
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P.L. 9S-502 established a fuel tax on inland river carriers beginning at 4 cents a gallon in 1980 and increasing incrementally to 10 cents a gallon in 1985.
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New technologies include lockwall heating elements, especially for locks being rehabilitated, air curtains at lock entrances, ice control by booms and other structures, coating for lock walls and gates, and protection for floating mooring bitts. The inland waterways industry lacks organized information on which to base management decisions.
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From page 30... ...
In summary, technology developments in the inland waterways sector of the maritime industry have resulted in dramatic increases in transportation productivity through vessel and barge design and operating systems. However, the current depression and overcapacity in the industry have dried up incentives and investment for further improvements.
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