Oceanography and Mine Warfare (2000) / Chapter Skim
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2 Mine Warfare: An Overview
2 Mine Warfare: An Overview
Pages 9-27
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From page 9... ...
Naval mines can be used to deny hostile forces access to the coastal zone and to defend important targets, such as ports, anchorages, and offshore structures, from amphibious or seaborne attack. Mines can quickly wipe out, or seriously impair, the effectiveness of surface and submarine forces.
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From page 10... ...
The Naval Mine Warfare Command is accountable for development of naval mining strategy; for overseeing the Navy's inventory of underwater mines; and for directing standing MCM activities, including surface, air, and underwater assets. COMINEWARCOM is responsible for 27 ships, including the USS Inchon, the naval MCM command and support ship, 14 open-ocean MCM ships, and 12 coastal minehunters.
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From page 11... ...
MCM includes the search for and destruction of emplaced mines. FIGURE 2-2 Mine Warfare Chain of Command ~ Commander, Mine Warfare Command reports directly to the Commander in Chief of the Atlantic Fleet AMCM - Airborne Mine Countermeasures CMWC - Commander, Mine Warfare Command (also referred to as COMINEWARCOM)
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From page 12... ...
In addition, as technical advisor to the fleet commanders in chief, COMINEWARCOM provides mine warfare planning, intelligence on foreign mine capabilities, and develops countermeasures to protect naval assets. HISTORY OF MINE WARFARE We have lost command of the sea to a nation without a navy, using weapons that were obsolete in World War I and laid by vessels that were used at the time of the birth of Jesus Christ.
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From page 13... ...
These parameters, when considered along with the high oceanographic variability in shallow water environments, determine the ability of MCM forces to detect mines in the coastal zone.
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From page 14... ...
PossiblY the largest mine in the world that is designed to destroy offshore structures; operates even in very deep water; timer or remote-control detonation. Seabed mine for deep and shallow water; for use against medium and large targets; can be ship or helicopter deployed.
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From page 15... ...
MINE WARFARE: AN OVERVIEW TABLE 2-2 Common Mines in Use by Various Nations Length Width Height Weight Charge Operational (mm)
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From page 16... ...
outer hull; incorporates multiple sensors with sophisticated logic making it resistant to BGM 600 United Kingdom Sea Urchin United States Yugoslavia M66 Cable-controlled mine Programmable influence mine Stonefish mines Ground influence mine Mk 52, 55, 56, and 57 Mk 36, 40, 41, and 115A Quickstrike series Mk 60 Mk 67 SLMM M70 M-71 Seabed influence mines Air-laid influence mines Air-launched seabed mine Encapsulated torpedo Air-launched seabed influence mine Diversionary underwater mine Acoustic influence seabed mine Limpet mine countermeasures. Developed to provide a rapid means of deploying a controlled minefield.
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From page 17... ...
MINE WARFARE: AN OVERVIEW TABLE 2-2 Continued Length Width Height Weight Charge Operational (mm)
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From page 18... ...
STRUCTURE OF MINE COUNTERMEASURE FORCES Recently, the U.S. Navy reassessed its MCM strategy of maintaining only special purpose MCM forces and is now developing MCM capabilities that will be an integral part of carrier battle groups and amphibious ready groups (Box 2-6~.
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From page 19... ...
MINE WARFARE: AN OVERVIEW 19 FIGURE 2-3 The Mine Neutralization Vehicle is used to destroy mines once they are located.
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From page 20... ...
Dedicated forces are able to reinforce organic MCM forces when the mission demands capabilities beyond those of organic systems. Dedicated MCM forces rely on the combined assets of surface MCM ships, airborne MCM helicopters, and Navy Explosive Ordinance Disposal (EOD)
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From page 21... ...
The ships have a fiberglass-sheathed wooden construction to make the hull less detectable by influence mines.
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From page 22... ...
Dedicated airborne MCM (AMCM) forces rely on the MH-53E Sea Dragon class of helicopters (Figure 2-7)
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From page 23... ...
UUVs also have the advantage of removing the warfighter from the battlefield. Organic Mine Countermeasures An important component of a successful MCM program is the capability of carrier battle groups, amphibious ready groups, and other naval assets to deal with naval mines while dedicated MCM forces are in transit or otherwise occupied.
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From page 24... ...
There is no single piece of equipment that can provide all operational capabilities needed; thus organic MCM forces are using and developing three underwater reconnaissance systems, two airborne mine detection systems, and two airborne mine destruction systems. Each of these systems will have the capability of dealing with a small number of mines; operated together these systems will be able to cope with the operational challenges posed by the full range of naval mines.
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From page 25... ...
The full spectrum of environmental parameters affecting sensor and system performance are not consistently monitored during MCM operations. Of the environmental data collected, only those describing seafloor properties are considered within NWP 3-15 as these parameters strongly impact the level of backscattered acoustic energy and thus, significantly affect sonar performance.
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From page 26... ...
will result when the assumed width "A" is less than the sonar detection width for the environment in question. FUTURE TRENDS IN MINE WARFARE To ensure that naval forces are able to maneuver and control operations in the nearshore environment, there should be continued development of mine laying and mine countermeasures, while also incorporating advancements in environmental predictive capabilities to maximize the effectiveness of mine warfare operations.
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From page 27... ...
will not only give temperature and depth measurements, as with conventional XBTs, but will also collect salinity and ambient noise data for use in acoustic sensor calibration. TAMDA will also incorporate a broadband probe pulse to determine reverberation and bottom composition, will have a global positioning system (GPS)
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