An Assessment of Research-Doctorate Programs in the United States Biological Sciences (1982) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix F: Data on Publication Records (Measures 15 and 16)
Appendix F: Data on Publication Records (Measures 15 and 16)
Pages 226-243
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The following pages have been excerpted from Chapters VI and VII of this report and describe operational considerations in compiling the publication records included here (measure 15) and the methodology used in determining the "influence" of published articles (measure 16)
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in evaluative bibliometrics. Later sections of the chapter consider publication and citation count parameters in further detail, including discussions of data bases, of field-dependent characteristics of the literature, and of some cautions and hazards in performing citation analyses for individual scientists.
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Furthermore, the timeliness of the secondary sources varies widely, with sources dependent on outside abstracters lagging months or even years behind. Since these abstracting lags may depend upon language, field and country of origin, they are particular problem in international publication counts.
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Multiple authorship problems arise less often in instituthere are seldom more than one tional publication counts since or two institutions involved in one publication. A particularly vexing aspect of multiple authorship is the first author citation problem: almost all citations are to the first author in a multi-authored publication.
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Although the publisher of the Science Citation Index, the Institute for Scientific Information, tries to maintain a consistent policy in attributing institutional affiliations, when authors have multiple affiliations the number of possible variants is large. In the SCI data base on magnetic tape, sufficient information is included to assign a publication with authors from a number of different institutions in a reasonably fair way to those institutions; however, in the printed Cornorate Index one has to refer to the Source Index to find the actual number of authors, or to the paper itself to find the affiliations of each of the authors.
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In a Computer Horizons study completed in 1973 the amount of agency support acknowledgement was tabulated in twenty major journals from five different fields.4 Table 6-1 summarizes those support acknowledgements for 1969 and 1972. In 1969, only 67% of the acknowledged financial support articles acknowledging financi imately 85%.
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233 10 0` 0 a' ~: iD r~ a~ cn 0 o .
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Citation counts may be used directly as a measure of the utilization or influence of a single publication or of all the publications of an individual, a grant, contract, department, university, funding agency or country. Citation counts may be used to link individuals, institutions, and programs, since they show how one publication relates to another publication.
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Some of the characteristics of the literature which are revealed by citation analysis are noted on Figure 6-1. These characteristics include: The dispersion of references: a measure of scientific "hardness", since in fields that are structured and have a central core of accepted knowledge, literature references tend to be quite concentrated.
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THE INFLUENCE METHODOLOGY A Introduction In this chapter an influence methodology will be described which allows advanced publication and citation techniques to be applied to institutional aggregates of publications, such as those of departments, schools, programs, support agencies and countries, without performing an individual citation count.
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The idea of counting a reference from a more prestigious journal more heavily has also been suggested by Kochen. A third limitation is that there is no normalization for the different referencing characteristics of different segments of the literature: a citation received by a biochemistry journal, in a field noted for its large numbers of references and short citation times, may be quite different in value from a citation in astronomy, where the overall citation density is much lower and the citation time lag much longer.
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A citation matrix for a specific time lag may also be formulated. This would link publications in one time period with publications in some specified earlier time period.
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This reasoning provides a first order approximation to the weight of each unit, which is (1) = total number of citations to the ith unit from other units total number of references from the ith unit to other units This is the starting point for the iterative procedure for the calculation of the influence weights to be described below.
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will not, in general, possess a non-zero solution; only for certain values of A called the eigenvalues of the system, will there be nonzero solutions. With the choice of target size Si, the value 1 = 1 is in fact an eigenvalue so that Equation 1 itself does possess a solution.
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/22-) Yin i2n · — called the characteristic equation.
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Each root of the characteristic equation determines a solution vector or eigenvector of the equation, but the weight vector being sought is the eigenvector corresponding to the largest eigenvalue. This can be seen from the consideration of an alternative procedure for solving the system of equations, a procedure which also leads to the algorithm of choice.
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= j=1 \m ~~00 {km ~ ~ m (it) ji This provides the most convenient numerical procedure for finding the weights, the whole iteration procedure being reduced to successive squarings of the ~ matrix.
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