New Horizons in Electrochemical Science and Technology (1986) / Chapter Skim
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3. Socioeconomic Significance
3. Socioeconomic Significance
Pages 17-32
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From page 17... ...
. This chapter identifies major socioeconomic contributions, both current and future; these include metal winning, chemicals and semiconductor production, electroplating, corrosion cost avoidance, batteries and fuel cells, sensors (for health systems, industrial use, home applications)
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From page 18... ...
Semiconductor production and processing Metals and chemicals Batteries Electroplating Corrosion control (see text) Total 13 4 10 28 SOURCE: References 2, 3, 10, and 12.
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bCommittee estimate of corrosion costs that can be avoided with new electrochemical technology (unavailable today) ; the estimate is 1 to 2 percent of the total annual unavoidable cost (1~.
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From page 20... ...
oo oo c~ cM o o a, a a)
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From page 21... ...
· The annual market for microelectronic devices, the backbone of many consumer and business products, is about 400 times the cost associated with electrochemical processing and production of semiconductors, the"brains" of the devices (2~. · Corrosion control technology is a mainstay of automobile coatings as well as household appliances; for example, the lifetime of water heaters is extended and often governed by the presence of a magnesium sacrificial anode that represents a small fraction of the appliance price.
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From page 22... ...
Research and development in those mature industries can have significant dollar value, and the commercial basis for R&D funding already exists. Existing Industry Trends in aluminum production technology offer an excellent example of emerging opportunities and the critical role of electrochemical R&D therein.
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From page 23... ...
Indeed, aluminum production has increased exponentially since the Hall cell was developed, and this in turn has been improved significantly by research and development. Thus, the aluminum production of one cell has increased from 100 pounds per day in 1920 to 1000 pounds per day in 1980 to 3800 pounds per day for the largest cell in 1986, and continued improvements are projected.
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From page 24... ...
Avoidable Cost ($ billion) Energy industries Electric power Material production Government operations Personally owned automobiles Total 67.5 6.6 13.9 17.8 16.2 1 22.0 1.4 0.2 0.4 4.5 _0.5 17.0 It is interesting to note in Table 3-4 that the smallest avoidable cost is assigned to the electric power industry, where there has been considerable research and development to mitigate corrosion problems, especially in nuclear generation systems.
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From page 25... ...
Multibillion-dollar annual markets for associated equipment such as electric drive motors, microprocessor controls, and related electronics would be created by the successful penetration of the market by electric automobiles. Information is available on forklifts and commercial fleet vehicles, so that potential domestic markets can be estimated (12,13~.
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From page 26... ...
Market penetration will be assisted with the development of another fuel cell concept based on molten-salt electrolytes. In comparison to the phosphoric acid cell, the molten-salt fuel cell is a simpler engineering system, has a greater operating efficiency (50 to 60 percent versus 40 to 45 percent)
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From page 27... ...
The potential markets for instrumentation systems containing electrochemical sensors that are simple, rugged, reliable, and low in cost are large and are outlined in Table 3-6. Although they represent a small percentage of the dollar value of markets for instrumentation systems that use them, sensors are the enabling technology that gives the system its needed sensitivity, selectivity, and reliability.
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From page 28... ...
Health -- Specialty markets C 500 Industrial -- Food processing C 100 Need sensors for (e.g., fermentation) use in continuous flow streams Industrial -- Processing C 100 involving measurement of complex molecules Other Than Bioelectrochemical Industrial -- Chemical processing D 100 Current market (predominantly pH sensors)
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From page 29... ...
· The artificial heart has the greatest power requirements for implanted devices, exceeding 10 W; there are no acceptable implantable batteries for this application at present. Ire addition to use in implanted devices, small batteries are the power source for hand-held and portable instruments; some applications are telemetry receivers, pacer system analyzers, pacemaker programmers, and Hotter monitors.
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From page 30... ...
D Hutcheson, VLSI Research, Inc.; Electroplating William Safranek, Technical Editor, Plating and Surface Finishing, American Electroplating and Surface Finishing Society; Batteries and fuel cells W
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From page 31... ...
R The Potential Market for Electric Vehicles.
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