Vision 21 Fossil Fuel Options for the Future (2000) / Chapter Skim
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Executive Summary
Executive Summary
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The committee's review was based primarily on the Vision 21 Program Plan: Clean Energy Plants for the 21St Century published by DOE in April 1999 (DOE, 1999~. The committee also invited speakers from government, industry, and academia to comment on the technical challenges and other issues facing the Vision 21 Program.
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Overall thermal efficiency above 85 percent; also meets above efficiency goals for electricity. When producing fuels, such as H2 or liquid transportation fuels alone from coal, 75 percent fuels utilization efficiency (LHV)
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Meeting the program goals should not be taken for granted. The Vision 21 Program Plan encompasses a broad range of technological options and will require a well defined process that includes systematic procedures for setting priorities and downselecting options based on progress towards meeting interim targets.
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Strategies for an Uncertain Future The Vision 21 Program should promote R&D that maintains cost-competitive options for using a diverse mix of fossil fuels for power generation. A key element of this R&D should be the effective removal of current environmental concerns and impediments associated with producing electricity, transportation fuels, and chemical feedstocks from fossil fuels, including natural gas, petroleum, and coal.
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Integrated plant designs should then include the processing of periodic wastes, such as spent catalysts, saturated absorbents, contaminated solvents, and water treatment sludge.
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should make facilities at the Power Systems Development Facility, all of the Clean Coal Technology Program projects, and the National Energy Technology Laboratory available for sequential and concurrent development and tests of Vision 21 component technologies. DOE should fund modifications and side-stream tests at Clean Coal Technology plants, particularly integrated gasification/combined-cycle plants, to test breakthroughs or evolve processes.
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Competitive power generation with natural gas with the same types of fuel-flexible gas turbines will require that the investment cost of the direct syngas production section of Vision 21 plants be reduced from the current target of $850/kW to less than $550/kW. The committee encourages DOE to pursue both revolutionary and evolutionary improvements, which would complement each other in achieving the ambitious goals of the program.
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Advanced Fuels and Chemicals For every ton of fuels and chemicals produced by coal-based plants using conventional Fischer-Tropsch technology, three tons of carbon dioxide are produced. If natural gas is used as the feedstock instead of coal, less than one ton of carbon dioxide is produced.
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should look further ahead into the twenty-first century in formulating its Vision 21 plans. The advanced turbine system machines proposed as the core of the Vision 21 Program will be approaching the end of their model life cycle in 2015 and are likely to be supplanted in the marketplace by machines with higher efficiencies (either through higher firing temperatures or more sophisticated thermal integration cycles)
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DOE's R&D on materials and heat exchangers is currently dispersed among several DOE programs. The focus of the Vision 21 Program should be on hightemperature components, rather than high-temperature materials.
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Vision 21 plants should be designed to allow for new technologies for capturing and separating carbon dioxide to be integrated into plant designs if they become viable within the extended timeline of the program. The transport and ultimate disposal of a concentrated carbon dioxide stream should be addressed in other research programs.
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The Vision 21 Program should investigate the carbon dioxide hydrate-based technology concept for capturing carbon dioxide; the energy and capital cost assumptions should be reviewed periodically to confirm the low costs claimed in preliminary process design studies. The technologies chosen for carbon dioxide recovery should be resistant to low-temperature absorption and regeneration.
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The goals of the program are restricted to providing complete commercial plant designs and cost estimates, as well as verified virtual simulations of plant performance and demonstrations of key modules. The committee does not believe the designs, cost estimates, virtual simulations, and module demonstrations will be convincing unless they are accompanied by a commercial deployment program.
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