Vision 21 Fossil Fuel Options for the Future (2000) / Chapter Skim
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5 Commercialization
5 Commercialization
Pages 85-103
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From page 85... ...
The construction of prototype, or commercial-scale, demonstration plants is not included in the Vision 21 Program Plan. The goals of the program are restricted to providing complete commercial plant designs and cost estimates, as well as verified virtual simulations of plant performance and demonstrations of key modules by 2015.
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From page 86... ...
Environmental pressures will lead to a global regime of carbon management and widespread, stringent local regulations of air emissions. Restricted availability of gas supplies in many regions and extensive replacements of both coal and nuclear power plants could create many new market opportunities for coal.
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From page 87... ...
Active Carbon Management Carbon management to address global climate change is already an international priority, especially in the OECD countries, many of which have already made commitments to reduce carbon emissions and placed restrictions on industry. By 2015, the entire world may be carbon-constrained, regardless of whether or not such constraints evolve from the Kyoto Protocols.
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From page 88... ...
The emission control requirements for the OECD countries are also expected to be more stringent. Restricted Gas Supplies Diverse, readily available, cost-competitive supplies of energy have resulted in the United States having lower energy costs than most other industrialized countries (IEA, 1998~.
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From page 89... ...
Given the financial costs and risks of developing new plants, utility companies are inclined to continue making routine investments in maintaining existing plants. New regulations to limit emissions of sulfur dioxide and NOX beyond the requirements of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments, could create pressures to retire existing coal-fired plants prematurely.
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From page 90... ...
The cost of electricity may rise as existing coal plants are retired and replaced by natural gasfueled units, if increased demand causes upward pressure on natural gas prices.
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From page 91... ...
This volatile market is replacing the regulatory framework that favored capital-intensive expenditures that was in place when most existing power plants were built. Thus, deregulation has increased the competitiveness of power sources with low capital costs, which has had the effect of promoting natural gas at the expense of coal for the generation of electricity.
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From page 92... ...
Interactions with Industry As the electric utility industry is restructured, the identity of the industry could undergo fundamental changes. Independent power producers, restructured utilities, and others will provide much of the new power-generating capacity.
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From page 93... ...
Incentives focused on high-risk technologies would further the bold performance, financial, and scheduling goals in the Vision 21 Program Plan. Finding.
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From page 94... ...
Coolwater developed the field data confirming that the IGCC concept works well technically, and the institutional structure allowed Coolwater's results to be widely disseminated. The Power Systems Development Facility, which is being jointly developed by DOE, EPRI, and six industrial concerns, is a more recent example of a public/private partnership.
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From page 95... ...
Broad public support will be required for reaching consensus on environmental standards, subsidies for the risk taking associated with first-of-a-kind deployment, and sustained funding for R&D. Finding.
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From page 96... ...
Moderate reductions in carbon levels will be made from improvements in efficiency as Vision 21 coal plants replace conventional coal plants. However, Vision 21 plants will not offer improvements in carbon management over natural gas-fired plants, not only because Vision 21 coal plants will be less efficient than natural-gas-fired plants, but also because coal has a higher carbon content than gas, per unit of energy.
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From page 97... ...
participation in OECD and European Union projects, as well as by encouraging participation by OECD countries in U.S. technology development.
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From page 98... ...
Vision 21 does not have a plan for the early deployment of an integrated Vision 21 plant. The Vision 21 Program Plan assumes individual components that have been tested separately in the field can be successfully combined in 2015.
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From page 99... ...
Most developing countries are hard pressed to supply or secure capital investments to meet growing demands for electricity. As a result, although privatization and restructuring of the electricity industry in most developing countries is moving at a slower pace than in most industrialized countries, some domestic markets are being opened to independent power developers to build, own, and operate power-generating plants.
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From page 100... ...
Furthermore, addressing local health issues and global environmental concerns will require plants with high efficiency, high environmental performance, and competitive costs. The chances of the commercialization of such plants worldwide will be greatly enhanced by a program that promotes early commercial deployment of component technologies and first-of-a-kind full-scale demonstrations in non-OECD countries.
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From page 101... ...
In addition, decision makers in developing countries considering the option of deploying Vision 21 plants, will consider whether their country has the capability of manufacturing Vision 21 plant components domestically, as well as the capability of operating and maintaining the plant. The technological capacities of many developing countries is steadily increasing and may be up to those levels by 2015.
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From page 102... ...
Partnerships with International Institutions The mission of many international institutions is to work with developing countries and technology providers to share the risk of introducing new technologies that offer environmental and economic benefits. Among these institutions are the World Bank, the Global Environmental Facility, the United Nations Environment Program, and the international assistance institutions in many OECD countries, as well as U.S.
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From page 103... ...
Pleasant Hill, Calif.: Electric Power Research Institute Distribution Center. GRI (Gas Research Institute)
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