Incorporating Science, Economics, and Sociology in Developing Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards in International Trade Proceedings of a Conference (2000) / Chapter Skim
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9 Case Study 2: Plant Quarantines and Hass Avocados
9 Case Study 2: Plant Quarantines and Hass Avocados
Pages 217-230
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From page 217... ...
The Hass avocado case provides a good example on how science can be used to solve an old quarantine problem between two countries.
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From page 218... ...
, the minimum and maximum temperatures fluctuate from 0 to 10 °C and from 16 to 20 °C, respectively. A research project was conducted in Michoacan to assess the susceptibility of Hass avocados to the three above-mentioned fruit fly species and to determine the geographical distribution of the avocado fruit borers.
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, which are the primary hosts of the fruit flies utilized in the experiment, were used as controls. For each of the avocado percent dry matter evaluated, 120 fruits of each primary host were exposed to fruit fly infestations.
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Binational research to assess the susceptibility of Hass avocados to pest infestation.
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Hass avocados are considered to be a very poor host of this fruit fly species (Figure 9-2, Table 9-1~. The infestation drop observed at 24 percent dry matter is related to the fall and winter temperatures and photoperiod, not to an effect of the dry matter content on the development of immature stages of the insect.
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TABLE 9-1. Statistical Analysis of Hass Avocado Fruit Fly Infestation Levels in Relation to Percentage of Dry Matter (Uruapan, Michoacan, 1993-1994)
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As the results clearly show, science provided basic information to assess, through a pest risk analysis, the feasibility of exporting Hass avocado fruits to the United States without jeopardizing the fruit industry in that country. Furthermore, it also provided the information required to mitigate risk, allowing for a systems approach implementation.
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224 so: Ct an EM ho at $t U' ._ A: ._ a: o ._ Cd U]
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May June 1993 ~ 1994 20 v O 15 ~ at 10 o FIGURE 9-3. Seasonal Fluctuation of Anastrepha ludens Populations, and Minimum and Maximum Temperatures in the Hass Avocado Production Region of Michoacan, 1993-1994 | ~ Flies - ~ - Harvest (onto)
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2. Susceptibility of Hass avocado fruits to A
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striata. Hass avocado fruits attached to the Bee are resistant to forced infestations of the three Anastrepha spp.
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From page 228... ...
Queensland Agricultural Journal 99:645-653. THE HASS AVOCADO CASE: A POLITICAL SCIENCE PERSPECTIVE DAVID VOGEL Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley Since 1914, the import of the Hass avocado from Mexico into the United States had been forbidden on the grounds that the fruit was a host of various fruit flies and seed pests whose introduction into the United States would threaten the American avocado crop.
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From page 229... ...
This represented a major setback for Mexican growers who had made substantial progress in devising various means of preventing exports of their crop from endangering American agriculture. During the intense domestic debate over the adoption of a free trade agreement with Mexico, major segments of American agriculture opposed congressional approval of NAFTA for straightforward protectionist reasons: They did not want to have to compete with less expensive Mexican agricultural exports.
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In effect, NAFTA made possible the triumph of science over economics. Without NAFTA, or more specifically, the access that NAFTA accorded the scientific claims of those who favored trade liberalization, the various scientific protocols and procedures that had been devised to permit the importation of Mexican avocados in ways that did not endanger American growers would have remained stillborn.
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