Personnel Needs and Training for Biomedical and Behavioral Research Volume 1 (1977) / Chapter Skim
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2 Estimation of Manpower Needs
2 Estimation of Manpower Needs
Pages 17-34
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From page 17... ...
understanding and ar.a] ysis of the system by which biomedical and behavioral research scientists are trained and absorbed into the labor f orce .
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From page 18... ...
It is therefore clear that Is a critical factor the availability of faculty positions affecting the employment patterns of these research scientists. Faculty positions in turn are largely determined by the pattern of student enrollments in the biomedical and behavioral fields and by the availability of research funds a ~ colleges and universities ~ In me dice ~ schools, clinical investigators perform patient care duties in addition to their teaching and research activities (Chapter 5~.
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From page 19... ...
and Behav. Active Research Labor Force l FIGURE 2.1 Flow model illustrating the principal paths and decision points leading to the biomedical and behavioral research labor force.
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From page 20... ...
Under these conditions, the Committee believes that the most appropriate strategy is continually to appraise the current market situation and the near-term outlook with a view to anticipating impending imbalances and recommending steps to avoid them. Adjustments in federally supported training programs should be made where and when appropriate to help achieve system balance.
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From page 21... ...
Since the expert judgment of faculty members usually produces somewhat inf lated estimates of the need for additional faculty, it is not considered to be a reliable indicator of actual demand a s Irma sured by more obj ective criteria. For an examination of "balances, " which is relevant to policy, the concepts of need, demand, and utilization must be related to the cost to society of producing such skilled prof e s s iona ~ s, t o the prosper t s of the ir be ing emp loy ed ~ ~ activities that require the full range of skills imparted in their cost, y training, and to the question of whether the costs of this training should be prove deaf from pub, ic funds.
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From page 22... ...
All of these factors must be taken into consideration in formulati ng Public policy. A change in national pal icy with respect to public funding of research in a general area such as basic biomedical sciences, or in a particular field, such as molecular biology, could create grave difficulties if fieldswitching by profe ss tonal manpower were limited.
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From page 23... ...
Thus, as Freeman ~ ~ 97 ~ ~ and others have shown, "he dynamics of the supply and demand for any broad area of professional manpower involves significant interactions among these factors, for who ch the magnitude and speed of ad justment cannot ea sily be estimated . For example, a decrease ~ n the rate of real biomedical R and D expenditure s can be expe cat ed eventual ly to reduce the relative salaries of research personnel in this area with the reductions affecting most quickly new postdoctoral entr ant s i nt o the j ob ma rket .
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From page 24... ...
In subsequent chapters these judgments arid assumptions are speci fled and applied -o logical models of particle ar components of the labor market to derive e stimates of future manpower supplies and utilization. Considerate e uncertainty also remains about what can be said about the statu' ory mandate that the Committee specify fiel ds that shout ~ be given priority in research training programs.
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From page 25... ...
A third taxonomy in use within the NIH is called the Central Scientific Classification System (CSCS) , a multiaxis scheme designed to describe the NIH research grants and contracts programs according to the fields, body systems, and research materials involved in the pro ject.
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From page 26... ...
and bio. sciences Clinical medicine Internal medicine Allergy Pediatrics Geriatrics Obstetric s-gyneco logy Radiology Surgery Otorh~nolaryngology Ophthalmology Anesthesiology Neurology Psychiatry Preventive medicine Other clinical medicine Clinical dentistry Other health-related activi _ _ Health administration Nursing Social work Engineering, health- related Veterinary medicine Biosta~cistics l~piderniology Other health-related professions and activities Cormnunity health fields Accident prevention Maternal and child health Dental public health Mental health Over community health fields Environmental health fields Radiological health Water pollution control Air pollution Environmental engineering Food protection Occupational health Environmental sciences Other environmental health fields Psychology General and experimental psychology Comparative and animal psychology Physiological psychology Developmental psychology Personality psychology Social psych.-sociological aspects Abnormal psychology Clinical psychology Education, counseling, and guidance Other psychological areas Behavioral sciences except Psych.
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From page 27... ...
0 id c)
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From page 28... ...
In carrying out the mandate of the NRSA Act to determine the needs for biomedical and behavioral res march personnel and to specify the kinds and extent of tray Ding to be provided, it has been confront ea with the fundamental and frustrating task of devel aping a satisfactory taxonomy and relating it ~ o those currently ~ n use. The issue of taxonomy is fundamental, because the definition, label ing, and classification of scientific research fie ids must occur before rational measurement and analysis can proceed.
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From page 30... ...
e., basic biomedical sciences, clinical sciences, e4_c.
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From page 31... ...
Among them i s the ta sk of deci ding how the probe em a rosa s s hould be speci f ied -- whethe r the level of resolution should be the study sections that r~vi ew the grant applications, the program areas of the i nstitutes, or just the institutes themselves. Whichever is chosen, it must lend itself readily to the estimation of future funding levels, for the problem of specifying current training priorities is closely related to the problem of anti cipating future research needs.
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From page 32... ...
The Committee decided to investigate chan ge s in the type s o f po siti ons taken a f ter gra duet i on and to search for shifts f rom presumably overpopulated training f i el ds into other f i el ds with gre ater employment opportunities . ~ n many biomedical science fie Ids, emit oyment cliff icult' es might manifest themselves ty prod ongation of postdoctoral study.
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From page 33... ...
Projections of demand for faculty were derived from al ~ ernative app, ications of the models and compared wi' h expected growth in the research labor forces. Although data in the areas of clinical science and health services research and nursing research were not as readily avail ate, e, some preliminary analyses of labor market conditions were undertaken in those areas as well.
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From page 34... ...
For example, shortages in empicyment opportunities in a f ie 1 d may inf luence some persons earning baccalaureates n that f ie ld to enter graduate school rather than ~ eke a job that does not meet their expections.
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