Personnel Needs and Training for Biomedical and Behavioral Reserach 1976 Report (1976) / Chapter Skim
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2 Research Training in the Biomedical and Behavioral Sciences -- A National Overview
2 Research Training in the Biomedical and Behavioral Sciences -- A National Overview
Pages 23-35
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From page 23... ...
TElE RESEARCH TRAINING SYSTEM Formal research training is essentially a postbaccalaureate activity in the United States. The settings in which training occurs include university graduate schools; school s of medicine, dentistry, veterinary science, public health, and engineering; and associated laboratories, hospitals, mental health clinics, counseling centers, social agencies, and other field areas.
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From page 24... ...
In all cases, somewhat more of the research methodology is learned didactically rather than on the job, although this again varies across the spectrum of the behavioral science suLfields. Less formal predcctoral research training programs are available to individuals who are pursuing a professional doctorate and are taking time out for research training.
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From page 25... ...
To the extent that the 4 years calf medical school and subsequent years of residency training were designed to produce clinicians and not medical scientists, residents who then el ect to become clinical scientists requi re further scientific training. Since a proper mix of biomedical, behavioral, and clinical scientists is essential to initial aiscovery.and full application to clinical problems, it has become necessary to decibel ap new programs in school s of medicine to instill rigorous scientific discipline in the design of experiments, proper use of methods, and critical evaluation of data, as well as to provide a inroad background in the physical and biological sciences.
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From page 26... ...
Interaction among Basic Biomedical, Behavioral, and Clinical Scientists At the present time, there are two groups of scientists in biomedical research. The first consists of those with an intensive preparation in one of the physical, biological, basic medical, or behavioral sciences but with relatively little knowledge of clinical medicines These scientists are essential to elucidate the fundamental processes that overlie living systems.
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From page 27... ...
The grants are awarded through national competition, with continuing peer review to ensure that training i s conducted In departments of the highest quality. Res earch ass i stantships ~ Many graduate students and Fostdoctorals receive support for work performed on research pro jects.
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From page 28... ...
For example, graduate students may be provided with fellowships or traineeships for the first 2 years, teaching assistantships for the third year, and research assistantships for the fourth and succeeding years until the dissertation is completed and the degree awarded. This pattern allows the student to prepare as rapidly as possible for teaching and research.
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From page 29... ...
This section will first consider graduate and postdoctoral support in the biomedical and behavioral sciences and then discuss briefly support for clinical research training. Health services res earc h, which i s b a si call y a mul ti dis cip l i nary f i e ld f e d by diverse behavioral, biomedical, and clinical fields, cannot be adequately defined quantitatively at this time and thus will be omitted from this discussion.
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From page 30... ...
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Graduate Science Student Support and Postdoctorals Survey, t974 FIGURE 2.1 Primary Source and Type of Support for Full-time Graduate Students In the Biomedical and Behavioral Sciences, 1974 30 /
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From page 31... ...
Postdoctoral Support The biomedical sciences have a strong tradition in postdoctoral study as a necessary step in gaining the knowledge and skills needed to conduct biomedical research. Because of the highly specialized nature of the training and its direct relation to federal agency goals for solving health research problems, the federal government has assumed a ma jor role in postdoctoral study in this area.
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From page 32... ...
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Graduate Science Student Support and Pos tdoctorals S urvey ~ 1972- 74.
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From page 33... ...
Clinical research training is thus concentrated at the postprofessional level. Typically, over 95 percent of NIH fellowship,traineesh~p support in the clinical sciences has been made at the postdoctoral level.~.According to ~ National Science F-oun<~ation survey, approximately 60 percent of clinical science postprof~ssxonals in ~ 974 were federally supported, of which 75 percent were fel lows~trainees and the remainder research associates.
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From page 34... ...
The Committee feels that continual monitoring of trends in enrollments. research expenditures, and job opportunities provided by this study can furnish timely information to guide both individua l deci s ions and fed era l po li cy .
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From page 35... ...
7. National Research Council, Commission on Human Resources, Personnel Needs and Training for Biomedical Behavioral Research.
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