Issues in the Integration of Research and Operational Satellite Systems for Climate Research Part I. Science and Design (2000) / Chapter Skim
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Sea Surface Temperature
Sea Surface Temperature
Pages 25-36
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The National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) environmental data record (EDR)
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Eddies, boundary currents, and other mesoscale phenomena were readily identified, even though the accuracy of the estimated temperatures in and around the features was less than that obtained with in situ techniques. Moreover, the level of accuracy was not useful for following large-scale, low-frequency temperature change in the surface ocean, such as might be caused by the E1 Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
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ENSO Studies Tracking equatorial Pacific SST anomalies has become a pastime as ENSO impacts have risen in the public consciousness, and maps of equatorial Pacific SST anomalies have become commonplace in the media.1 From a scientific perspective, SST fields are used to initialize and validate coupled tropical models. Surface Current Pattern and Magnitude Pattern tracing of SST gradients for boundary currents and associated mesoscale structure is used daily by the U.S.
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From page 28... ...
However, assimilation of observations at differing local Sun times necessitates improved understanding of diet cycles in the parameters of interest. For example, current observations from NOAA AVHRR platforms show significant changes in satellite SST fields as the crossing time drifts later in the day, as one might expect.
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OBSERVING STRATEGY Requirements for SST observations to meet climate, national defense, and science needs have been articulated by a number of groups (WOCE, 1985; IPO NPOESS, 1996; NOAA, 1997~. NOAA identified a set of SST observation objectives (NPOESS, 1995)
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Most atmospheric correction approaches are combinations of brightness temperatures, either linear or nonlinear, with weighting coefficients. Coefficients are determined by regression analysis of the foregoing features versus surface observations or from forward radiative transfer calculations.
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Some reviewers of the IORD-1 requirements believe that such levels of accuracy may not be attainable from a satellite-based SST observing system (Jacobowitz et al., 1996~. TABLE 3.3 NPOESS Environmental Data Record Requirements for Sea Surface Temperature (IORD-1)
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Use of radiative transfer modeling to simulate satellite measurements. Comparison with Other Satellite Measurements Surface radiance measurements are usually validated using calibrated spectroradiometers, such as the MarineAtmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (M-AERI)
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The long-term measurement of surface-emitted radiance, or the channel brightness temperatures, at the surface serves to monitor the behavior of the atmospheric correction algorithms and the performance of spaceborne radiometers. The radiance of surface-based measurements has two sources: one is of emitted radiance at the sea surface; the other is the reflected component of the downwelling radiance originating in the atmosphere.
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NOAA now provides documentation for clock drift, sensor faults, algorithm modifications and updates, and processing system changes in a generally accessible form. NASA and NOAA have teamed up in the Pathfinder project to reprocess 15 years' worth of NOAA AVHRR SST observations with state-of-the-art algorithms to provide climate modelers and analysts a consistent set of SST fields.
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1980. Infrared remote sensing of sea surface temperature.
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From page 36... ...
1983. Multi-channel improvements to satellite derived global sea surface temperatures.
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