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Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium

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As essential nutrients, sodium and potassium contribute to the fundamentals of physiology and pathology of human health and disease. In clinical settings, these are two important blood electrolytes, are frequently measured and influence care decisions. Yet, blood electrolyte concentrations are usually not influenced by dietary intake, as kidney and hormone systems carefully regulate blood values.

Over the years, increasing evidence suggests that sodium and potassium intake patterns of children and adults influence long-term population health mostly through complex relationships among dietary intake, blood pressure and cardiovascular health. The public health importance of understanding these relationships, based upon the best available evidence and establishing recommendations to support the development of population clinical practice guidelines and medical care of patients is clear.

This report reviews evidence on the relationship between sodium and potassium intakes and indicators of adequacy, toxicity, and chronic disease. It updates the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) using an expanded DRI model that includes consideration of chronic disease endpoints, and outlines research gaps to address the uncertainties identified in the process of deriving the reference values and evaluating public health implications.

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Suggested Citation

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25353.

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Publication Info

514 pages | 6 x 9
Paperback
ISBN: 978-0-309-48834-1
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/25353
Contents

Table of Contents

 skim chapter
Front Matter i-xvi
Summary 1-14
Part I 15-16
1 Introduction 17-30
2 Applying the Guiding Principles Report 31-50
3 Methodological Considerations 51-82
Part II 83-84
4 Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy 85-106
5 Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Toxicity 107-120
6 Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes Based on Chronic Disease 121-154
7 Potassium Dietary Reference Intakes: Risk Characterization and Special Considerations for Public Health 155-176
Part III 177-178
8 Sodium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy 179-208
9 Sodium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Toxicity 209-224
10 Sodium: Dietary Reference Intakes Based on Chronic Disease 225-320
11 Sodium Dietary Reference Intakes: Risk Characterization and Special Considerations for Public Health 321-348
Part IV 349-350
12 Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions 351-366
Appendix A: Abbreviations and Acronyms 367-370
Appendix B: Open Session Agendas 371-374
Appendix C : Committee's Assessment of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Systematic Review 375-388
Appendix D: Indicators Not Relevant for EstablishingDietary Reference Intake Values 389-418
Appendix E: Supplemental Literature Searches 419-450
Appendix F: Estimates of Potassium and Sodium Intakes from Breast Milkand Complementary Foods 451-464
Appendix G: Sources of Evidence for Potassium and Sodium Intake Distributions 465-470
Appendix H: Supplemental Risk Characterization Figures 471-478
Appendix I: Committee Member Biographical Sketches 479-486
Appendix J: Dietary Reference Intakes Summary Tables 487-498
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