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i INTERIM REPORT #4 ON SPACECRAFT WATER EXPOSURE GUIDELINES Subcommittee on Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines Committee on Toxicology Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology Commission on Life Sciences National Research Council December 2000
ii NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS 2101 Constitution Ave., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20418 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose mem- bers are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This project was supported by Grant No. NAG 9-895 between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Aeronautics Space Administration. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project. Copyright 2000 by the National Academy of Sciences . All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America
iii The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Acade my has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academyâs purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council. www.national-academies.org
iv SUBCOMMITTEE ON SPACECRAFT WATER EXPOSURE GUIDELINES DONALD E. GARDNER (Chair), Inhalation Toxicology Associates, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina JOSEPH V. BRADY, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland GARY P. CARLSON, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana ELAINE M. FAUSTMAN, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington CHARLES E. FEIGLEY, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina MARY ESTHER GAULDEN, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas WILLIAM E. HALPERIN, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio RALPH L. KODELL, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas ROBERT SNYDER, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, New Jersey BERNARD M. WAGNER, Bernard M. Wagner Associates, Millburn, New Jersey GAROLD S. YOST, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah Staff SUSAN N.J. MARTEL, Project Director EMILY L. SMAIL, Project Assistant Sponsor: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
v COMMITTEE ON TOXICOLOGY BAILUS WALKER, JR., (Chair), Howard University Medical Center and American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C. MELVIN E. ANDERSEN, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado GERMAINE M. BUCK, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York ROBERT E. FORSTER II, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania PAUL M.D. FOSTER, Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina WILLIAM E. HALPERIN, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio CHARLES H. HOBBS, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico SAMUEL KACEW, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario NANCY KERKVLIET, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon MICHAEL J. KOSNETT, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado MORTON LIPPMANN, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York ERNEST E. MC CONNELL, ToxPath, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina THOMAS E. MC KONE, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and University of California, Berkeley, California HARIHARA MEHENDALE, University of Louisiana, Monroe, Louisiana DAVID H. MOORE, Battelle Memorial Institute, Bel Air, Maryland LAUREN ZEISE, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, California Staff KULBIR S. BAKSHI, Program Director SUSAN N.J. MARTEL, Program Officer ABIGAIL E. STACK, Program Officer RUTH E. CROSSGROVE, Publications Manager KATHRINE J. IVERSON, Manager, Toxicology Information Center EMILY L. SMAIL, Project Assistant
vi BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY GORDON ORIANS (Chair), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington JOHN DOULL, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas DAVID ALLEN, University of Texas, Austin, Texas INGRID C. BURKE, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado THOMAS BURKE, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland GLEN R. CASS, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia WILLIAM L. CHAMEIDES, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia CHRISTOPHER B. FIELD, Carnegie Institute of Washington, Stanford, California JOHN GERHART, University of California, Berkeley, California J. PAUL GILMAN, Celera Genomics, Rockville, Maryland DANIEL S. GREENBAUM, Health Effects Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts BRUCE D. HAMMOCK, University of California, Davis, California ROGENE HENDERSON, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico CAROL HENRY, American Chemistry Council, Arlington, Virginia ROBERT HUGGETT, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan JAMES F. KITCHELL, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin DANIEL KREWSKI, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario JAMES A. MAC MAHON, Utah State University, Logan, Utah CHARLES OâMELIA, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland WILLEM F. PASSCHIER, Health Council of the Netherlands, The Hague ANN POWERS, Pace University School of Law, White Plains, New York KIRK SMITH, University of California, Berkeley, California TERRY F. YOSIE, American Chemistry Council, Arlington, Virginia Senior Staff JAMES J. REISA, Director DAVID J. POLICANSKY, Associate Director and Senior Program Director for Applied Ecology RAYMOND A. WASSEL, Senior Program Director for Environmental Sciences and Engineering KULBIR BAKSHI, Program Director for the Committee on Toxicology LEE R. PAULSON, Program Director for Resource Management ROBERTA M. WEDGE, Program Director for Risk Analysis
vii COMMISSION ON LIFE SCIENCES MICHAEL T. CLEGG (Chair), University of California, Riverside, California PAUL BERG (Vice Chair), Stanford University, Stanford, California FREDERICK R. ANDERSON, Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft, Washington, D.C. JOANNA BURGER, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey JAMES E. CLEAVER, University of California, San Francisco, California DAVID S. EISENBERG, University of California, Los Angeles, California NEAL L. FIRST, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin DAVID J. GALAS, Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Science, Claremont, California DAVID V. GOEDDEL, Tularik, Inc., South San Francisco, California ARTURO GOMEZ -POMPA, University of California, Riverside, California COREY S. GOODMAN, University of California, Berkeley, California JON W. GORDON, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York DAVID G. HOEL, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina BARBARA S. HULKA , University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina CYNTHIA J. KENYON, University of California, San Francisco, California BRUCE R. LEVIN, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia DAVID M. LIVINGSTON, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts DONALD R. MATTISON, March of Dimes, White Plains, New York ELLIOT M. MEYEROWITZ, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California ROBERT T. PAINE, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington RONALD R. SEDEROFF, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina ROBERT R. SOKAL, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York CHARLES F. STEVENS, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California SHIRLEY M. TILGHMAN, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey RAYMOND L. WHITE, DNA Sciences, Inc., Mountain View, California Staff WARREN R. MUIR, Executive Director JACQUELINE K. PRINCE, Financial Officer BARBARA B. SMITH, Administrative Associate LAURA T. HOLLIDAY, Senior Program Assistant
REPORT REVIEWERS viii REPORT REVIEWERS This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRCâs Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report: F. William Sunderman, Jr., Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vermont Amira T. Eldefrawi, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Mary E. Vore, University of Kentucky, appointed by the Commission on Life Sciences, who was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.
