Page ii
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study was funded by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Contract Number C-OPC-21756. All opinions, findings, conclusions, and recommendations expressed herein are those of the National Research Council and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Housing and Urban Development.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
International Standard Book Number 0-309-07336-7
Copyright 2000 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Available from:
Board on Infrastructure and the Constructed Environment
National Research Council
2101 Constitution Avenue, NW
Washington, DC, 20418
Printed in the United States of America.
Page iii
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
National Academy of Sciences
National Academy of Engineering
Institute of Medicine
National Research Council
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is ad-ministered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
Page iv
COMMITTEE ON OVERSIGHT AND ASSESSMENT OF THE PARTNERSHIP FOR ADVANCING TECHNOLOGY IN HOUSING
C.R. “CHUCK” PENNONI, chair, Pennoni Associates, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
ERIC BELSKY, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
ROBERT BLANCETT, USG Research & Technology Inc., Libertyville, Illinois
ERIC BURNETT, Pennsylvania State University, University Park
PAUL R. FISETTE, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
KAREN L. GEORGE, E SOURCE, Inc., Boulder Colorado
MANUEL GONZALEZ, KTGY Group, Inc., Irvine, California
ASHOK GOSWAMI, National Conference of States on Building Codes and Standards, Inc., Herndon, Virginia
CHARLES J. KIBERT, University of Florida, Gainesville
TRICIA PARKS, Parks Associates, Dallas, Texas
ROBERT PLEASURE, Center to Protect Workers' Rights, Washington, D.C.
MICHAEL PYATOK, Pyatok Associates, Inc., Oakland, California
TIMOTHY REINHOLD, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
WALTER R. YOUNG, JR., Champion Enterprises, Inc., Auburn Hills, Michigan
Staff
RICHARD G. LITTLE, director, Board on Infrastructure and the Constructed Environment
JOHN A. WALEWSKI, project officer (until 7/31/00)
MICHAEL D. COHN, project officer (from 8/1/00)
LORI J. VASQUEZ, administrative associate (until 11/1/00)
KIMBERLY GOLDBERG, administrative associate (from 1/2/01)
NICOLE E. LONGSHORE, project assistant
Page v
BOARD ON INFRASTRUCTURE AND THE CONSTRUCTED ENVIRONMENT
RICHARD WRIGHT, chair, National Institute of Standards and Technology (retired), Gaithersburg, Maryland
GREGORY BAECHER, University of Maryland, College Park
JONATHAN BARNETT, planning consultant, Washington, D.C.
MAX BOND, Davis, Brody, Bond, LLP, New York, New York
JACK BUFFINGTON, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
MARY COMERIO, University of California, Berkeley
CLAIRE FELBINGER, American University, Washington, D.C.
PAUL GILBERT, Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade, and Douglas, Seattle, Washington
AMY GLASMEIER, Pennsylvania State University, University Park
YACOV HAIMES, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
JEREMY ISENBERG, Weidlinger Associates, New York, New York
MARTHA ROZELLE, The Rozelle Group, Ltd., Phoenix, Arizona
WILL SECRE, Masterbuilders, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio
DAVID SKIVEN, General Motors Corporation, Detroit, Michigan
SARAH SLAUGHTER, MOCA, Inc., Newton, Massachusetts
DEAN STEPHAN, Charles Pankow Builders (retired) Laguna Beach, California
ERIC TEICHOLZ, Graphic Systems, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
RAE ZIMMERMAN, New York University, New York
Staff
RICHARD LITTLE, director, Board on Infrastructure and the Constructed Environment
LYNDA STANLEY, executive director, Federal Facilities Council
MICHAEL COHN, project officer
GAIL KELLY, research associate
KIMBERLY GOLDBERG, administrative associate
NICOLE LONGSHORE, project assistant
Page vi
Acknowledgments
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC's Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:
Guido Francescato, University of Maryland, College Park
Walter Grondzik, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee
Boyd C. Paulson, Stanford University, Stanford, California
William B. Rose, University of Illinois, Champaign
Marty Rozelle, The Rozelle Group, Ltd, Phoenix, Arizona.
John K. Spear, Richwood Development Corporation, Houston, Texas
Madan Syal, Michigan State University, East Lansing
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Gary Byrd, appointed by the NRC Report Review Committee, who was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.
Page vii
Contents
|
Page viii
Acronyms
BLS Bureau of Labor Statistics
DOE Department of Energy
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency
FPL Forest Products Laboratory
FY fiscal year
HUD Department of Housing and Urban Development
ICC International Code Council
IMIS Integrated Management Information System
NAHBRC National Association of Home Builders Research Center
NES BIC National Evaluation Service Building Innovation Center
NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology
NOFA Notice of Funding Availability
NRC National Research Council
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PATH Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing
PD&R Office of Policy Development and Research
R&D research and development
RWG Residential Working Group
SIC Standard Industrial Classification
USDA United States Department of Agriculture