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This study was supported by Contract No. 68-D-01-69 between the National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Grant No. 59-0790-2-106 between the National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
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Institute of Medicine
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AD HOC COMMITTEE ON AIR EMISSIONS FROM ANIMAL FEEDING OPERATIONS
PERRY R. HAGENSTEIN (Chair),
Institute for Forest Analysis, Planning, and Policy, Wayland, Massachusetts
ROBERT G. FLOCCHINI (Vice-Chair),
University of California, Davis, California
JOHN C. BAILAR III,
University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
CANDIS CLAIBORN,
Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
RUSSELL R. DICKERSON,
University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
JAMES N. GALLOWAY,
University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
MARGARET ROSSO GROSSMAN,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
PRASAD KASIBHATLA,
Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
RICHARD A. KOHN,
University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
MICHAEL P. LACY,
University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
CALVIN B. PARNELL, Jr.,
Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
ROBBI H. PRITCHARD,
South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota
WAYNE P. ROBARGE,
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
DANIEL A. WUBAH,
James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia
KELLY D. ZERING,
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
RUIHONG ZHANG,
University of California, Davis, California
Staff
JAMIE JONKER, Study Director
CHAD TOLMAN, Program Officer
TANJA PILZAK, Research Assistant
JULIE ANDREWS, Senior Project Assistant
STEPHANIE PADGHAM, Project Assistant
BRYAN SHIPLEY, Project Assistant
COMMITTEE ON ANIMAL NUTRITION
GARY L. CROMWELL (Chair),
University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
C. ROSELINA ANGEL,
University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
JESSE P. GOFF,
United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa
RONALD W. HARDY,
University of Idaho, Hagerman, Idaho
KRISTEN A. JOHNSON,
Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
BRIAN W. MCBRIDE,
University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
KEITH E. RINEHART,
Perdue Farms Incorporated, Salisbury, Maryland
L. LEE SOUTHERN,
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
DONALD R. TOPLIFF,
West Texas A&M University, Canyon, Texas
Staff
CHARLOTTE KIRK BAER, Program Director
JAMIE JONKER, Program Officer
STEPHANIE PADGHAM, Project Assistant
BOARD ON AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES
HARLEY W. MOON (Chair),
Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
CORNELIA B. FLORA,
Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
ROBERT B. FRIDLEY,
University of California, Davis, California
BARBARA GLENN,
Federation of Animal Science Societies, Bethesda, Maryland
LINDA GOLODNER,
National Consumers League, Washington, D.C.
W.R. (REG) GOMES,
University of California, Oakland, California
PERRY R. HAGENSTEIN,
Institute for Forest Analysis, Planning, and Policy, Wayland, Massachusetts
GEORGE R. HALLBERG,
The Cadmus Group, Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts
CALESTOUS JUMA,
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
GILBERT A. LEVEILLE,
McNeil Consumer Healthcare, Denville, New Jersey
WHITNEY MACMILLAN,
Cargill, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota
TERRY MEDLEY,
DuPont Biosolutions Enterprise, Wilmington, Delaware
WILLIAM L. OGREN,
U.S. Department of Agriculture (retired), Hilton Head, South Carolina
ALICE PELL,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
NANCY J. RACHMAN,
Novigen Sciences, Inc., Washington, D.C.
G. EDWARD SCHUH,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
BRIAN STASKAWICZ,
University of California, Berkeley, California
JOHN W. SUTTIE,
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
JAMES TUMLINSON,
USDA, ARS, Gainesville, Florida
JAMES J. ZUICHES,
Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
Staff
CHARLOTTE KIRK BAER, Director
JULIE ANDREWS, Senior Project Assistant
BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY
GORDON ORIANS (Chair),
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
JOHN DOULL (Vice Chair),
University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
DAVID ALLEN,
University of Texas, Austin, Texas
INGRID C. BURKE,
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
THOMAS BURKE,
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
WILLIAM L. CHAMEIDES,
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
CHRISTOPHER B. FIELD,
Carnegie Institute of Washington, Stanford, California
DANIEL S. GREENBAUM,
Health Effects Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
BRUCE D. HAMMOCK,
University of California, Davis, California
ROGENE HENDERSON,
Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
CAROL HENRY,
American Chemistry Council, Arlington, Virginia
ROBERT HUGGETT,
Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
JAMES H. JOHNSON,
Howard University, Washington, D.C.
JAMES F. KITCHELL,
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
DANIEL KREWSKI,
University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
JAMES A. MACMAHON,
Utah State University, Logan, Utah
WILLEM F. PASSCHIER,
Health Council of the Netherlands, The Hague, The Netherlands
ANN POWERS,
Pace University School of Law, White Plains, New York
LOUISE M. RYAN,
Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
KIRK SMITH,
University of California, Berkeley, California
LISA SPEER,
Natural Resources Defense Council, New York, New York
Staff
JAMES J. REISA, Director
RAY WASSEL, Program Director
MIMI ANDERSON, Senior Project Assistant
Acknowledgments
This report represents the integrated efforts of many individuals. The committee thanks all those who shared their insights and knowledge to bring the document to fruition. We also thank all those who provided information at our public meetings and who participated in our public sessions.
During the course of its deliberations, the committee sought assistance from several people who gave generously of their time to provide advice and information that were considered in its deliberations. Special thanks are due the following:
BOB BOTTCHER, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
GARTH BOYD, Murphy-Brown LLC, Warsaw, North Carolina
LEONARD BULL, Animal and Poultry Waste Center, Raleigh, North Carolina
TOM CHRISTENSEN, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
JOHN D. CRENSHAW, Eastern Research Group, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
TONY DELANY, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
ERIC GONDER, Goldsboro Milling Company, Goldsboro, North Carolina
ALEX GUENTHER, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
LOWRY HARPER, United States Department of Agriculture, Watkinsville, Georgia
BRUCE HARRIS, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
TOM HORST, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
DONALD JOHNSON, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
RENEE JOHNSON, United States Environmental Protection Agency, DC
JOHN H. MARTIN, Jr., Hall Associates, Dover, Delaware
F. ROBERT MCGREGOR, Water and Waste Engineering, Inc., Denver, Colorado
BOB MOSER, ConAgra Beef, Kersey, Colorado
DANIEL MURPHY, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado
ROY OOMMEN, Eastern Research Group, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
JOSEPH RUDEK, Environmental Defense, Raleigh, North Carolina
GARY SAUNDERS, North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh, North Carolina
SUSAN SCHIFFMAN, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
SALLY SHAVER, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
MARK SOBSEY, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
JOHN SWEETEN, Texas A&M University, Amarillo, Texas
RANDY WAITE, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
JOHN T. WALKER, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
The committee is grateful to members of the National Research Council (NRC) staff who worked diligently to maintain progress and quality in its work.
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:
DAVID T. ALLEN, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas
VAN C. BOWERSOX, Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign, Illinois
ELLIS B. COWLING, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
ALBERT J. HEBER, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
JAMES A. MERCHANT, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
DEANNE MEYER, University of California, Davis, California
ROGER A. PIELKE, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
WENDY J. POWERS, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
JOSEPH RUDEK, Environmental Defense, Raleigh, North Carolina
JAMES J. SCHAUER, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
ANDREW F. SEIDL, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Thomas Graedel, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut and May Berenbaum, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois. Appointed by the National Research Council, they were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.
Preface
This is an interim report of the ad hoc Committee on Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations of the National Research Council’s Committee on Animal Nutrition. A final report is expected to be issued by the end of 2002. The interim report is intended to provide the committee’s findings to date on assessment of the scientific issues involved in estimating air emissions from individual animal feeding operations (swine, beef, dairy, and poultry) as related to current animal production systems and practices in the United States. The committee’s final report will include an additional assessment within eight broad categories: industry size and structure, emission measurement methodology, mitigation technology and best management plans, short- and long-term research priorities, alternative approaches for estimating emissions, human health and environmental impacts, economic analyses, and other potential air emissions of concern.
This interim report focuses on identifying the scientific criteria needed to ensure that estimates of air emission rates are accurate, the basis for these criteria in the scientific literature, and uncertainties associated with them. It also includes an assessment of the emission-estimating approaches in a recent U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) report Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations (EPA, 2001a). Finally, it identifies economic criteria needed to assess emission mitigation techniques and best management practices.
The committee held three meetings in preparing this interim report and developing material for its final report. People knowledgeable about air emissions issues, including representatives of EPA, the U.S. Department of
Agriculture (USDA), academia, the animal feeding industry, and the public, presented relevant information at each of the meetings, which were held in Washington, D.C., Durham, North Carolina, and Denver, Colorado. Field visits to animal feeding operations were also conducted. The committee also reviewed various peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed literature describing the issues, the science that lies behind methods for measuring and estimating emissions, and materials prepared by and for EPA and USDA.
The committee relied on the expertise and knowledge of its members, who represent a range of disciplinary backgrounds, including epidemiology and biostatistics, environmental engineering, atmospheric and tropospheric chemistry, biogeochemistry, environmental sciences, agricultural law, animal nutrition, agricultural engineering, soils and physical chemistry, microbiology, agricultural and resource economics, emission measurement and characterization, and biological engineering.
Perry Hagenstein, Chair
Robert Flocchini, Vice-Chair
Committee on Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations
TABLES AND FIGURES
Tables
1-1 |
Current Hydrogen Sulfide Standards in Various States, |
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1-2 |
National Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter, |
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1-3 |
Typical Lifetimes in the Planetary Boundary Layer for Pollutants Emitted from Animal Feeding Operations |
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2-1 |
Odor Emission Rates from Animal Housing as Reported in the Literature, |
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2-2 |
Calculated Emission Rates of Ammonia from Primary Anaerobic Swine Lagoons as a Function of Measurement Method and Measurement Period, |
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3-1 |
Classification of Emissions by Likely Intended Use of Emission Factors, |
Figures
2-1 |
Relative excretion rate of nitrogen versus day in the life cycle of a grow-finish hog at a commerical swine production facility in the southeastern United States, |
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3-1 |
A process-based model of emissions from an animal feeding operation, |