NOTICE
MATERIALS AND MAN’S NEEDS
SUPPLEMENTARY REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE SURVEY OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (COSMAT)
The content of this Supplementary Report is part of the basis for the Summary Report of the NAS Committee on the Survey of Materials Science and Engineering. In contrast to the Summary Report, however, the views expressed here are those of the various contributors and do not necessarily represent a consensus of COSMAT.
Frontispiece: A schematic representation of the materials cycle, portraying its global nature and principal stages.
PREFACE
The Summary Report of the Committee on the Survey of Materials Science and Engineering (COSMAT) was published in the Spring of 1974. It was based on informational inputs generated by numerous committees, panels, and individuals. That background information has now been organized into this Supplementary Report, Volumes I to IV.
In assembling this extensive resource, a complete editorial function was not attempted. Thus, occasional redundancies and overlaps as well as some unevenness in style and coverage will be noted. There will also be found views, and perhaps contradictions, that did not make their way into the Summary Report, inasmuch as the latter reflects a consensus of COSMAT. Nevertheless, we believe that it will prove useful to the science and engineering communities, as well as to others concerned with the broader implications of technology, to have available the rich store of information that was collected by COSMAT.
We have organized the present Supplementary Report as follows:
Volume I—The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering, containing Chapters 1, 2, and 3, is concerned mainly with tracing the history and evolution of materials technology, and of materials science and engineering in particular; also with describing the dimensions of the present role of materials in society; and with a study of the way in which materials science and engineering operates as a multidisciplinary field.
Volume II—The Needs, Priorities, and Opportunities for Materials Research begins, in Chapter 4, with a discussion of how materials research is related to various national goals or “areas of impact.” In Chapter 5, the results of a comprehensive survey of materials research priorities are presented, both for applied research related to these areas of impact and for basic research. Chapter 6 provides a description of several of the more prominent materials research opportunities, again both basic and applied.
Volume III—The Institutional Framework for Materials Science and Engineering (Chapter 7) describes the industrial, governmental, academic, and professional activities in materials science and engineering in the U.S. In the industrial section, emphasis is given to illustrative descriptions of materials technologies and to the roles of materials scientists and engineers in various types of industry. The governmental section describes the ways in which the federal government is involved with the performance and support of materials science and engineering. The academic section contains detailed qualitative and quantitative information on the status and trends in university education and research both in “materials-designated” and “materials-related” departments and in materials research centers. In the professional section,
consideration is given to the characteristics and numbers of materials scientists and engineers, as well as to their professional activities and opportunities.
Volume IV—Materials Technology Abroad (Chapter 8) deals with many facets of materials technology, as practiced in other countries. In collecting this information, it was often difficult, or even impossible, to delineate policies and practices specific to the materials field from those pertinent to science and technology in general, In such cases, the broader situation has been reviewed on the assumption that its applicability to the materials sphere is implicit. Volume IV surveys national policies and administrative structures for science and technology, education, R & D, institutions, technology-enhancement programs, technical achievements, and international cooperation. Much of the content revolves around the general theme of technological innovation.
It is surely obvious from the magnitude of this Supplementary Report that COSMAT is enormously indebted to a wide diversity of committees and individual contributors, whose inputs and insights have proved so valuable. The COSMAT Panels, Committees, and Consultants are listed in the Summary Report. They and other individual contributors are also referred to in this Supplementary Report.
COSMAT is deeply grateful to Marguerite Meyer, Beverly Masaitis, and Judy Trimble for their indefatigable efforts in the typing and assembling of these four volumes; theirs was a prodigious task, indeed. We are also most indebted to Amahl Shakhashiri for her careful editing of these volumes.
And once again, COSMAT wishes to acknowledge the support of the National Science Foundation and the Advanced Research Projects Agency in this undertaking, carried out under the aegis of the Committee on Science and Public Policy of the National Academy of Sciences.
Morris Cohen, Chairman
William O.Baker, Vice Chairman
Committee on the Survey of Materials Science and Engineering
September 1975
COMMITTEE ON THE SURVEY OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (COSMAT)
*Morris Cohen (Chairman)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
*William O.Baker (Vice Chairman)
Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.
Donald J.Blickwede
Bethlehem Steel Corporation
Raymond F.Boyer
Dow Chemical Company
*Paul F.Chenea
General Motors Corporation
Preston E.Cloud
University of California, Santa Barbara
*Daniel C.Drucker
University of Illinois
Julius J.Harwood
Ford Motor Company
I.Grant Hedrick
Grumman Aerospace Corporation
Walter R.Hibbard, Jr.
Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation
*John D.Hoffman
National Bureau of Standards
Melvin Kranzberg
Georgia Institute of Technology
*Hans H.Landsberg
Resources for the Future, Inc.
Humboldt W.Leverenz
RCA Laboratories, Inc.
Donald J.Lyman
University of Utah
Roger S.Porter
University of Massachusetts
Rustum Roy
Pennsylvania State University
*Roland W.Schmitt
General Electric Company
Abe Silverstein
Republic Steel Corporation
Lawrence H.Van Vlack
The University of Michigan
Ex Officio Members
*Harvey Brooks (as former Chairman, Committee on Science and Public Policy, NAS)
Harvard University
*N.Bruce Hannay (as Chairman, National Materials Advisory Board, National Research Council, NAS-NAE)
Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.
*Ernst Weber (as Chairman, Division of Engineering, National Research Council, NAS-NAE)
National Academy of Sciences
Survey Directors
Alan G.Chynoweth
Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.
S.Victor Radcliffe
Case Western Reserve University
MATERIALS AND MAN’S NEEDS
Supplementary Report of the Committee on the Survey of Materials Science and Engineering
Volume I |
The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering |
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Chapter 1; |
Materials and Society |
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Chapter 2: |
The Contemporary Materials Scene |
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Chapter 3; |
Materials Science and Engineering as a Multidiscipline |
Volume II |
The Needs, Priorities, and Opportunities for Materials Research |
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Chapter 4; |
National Objectives and the Role of Materials Science and Engineering |
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Chapter 5: |
Priorities in Materials Research |
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Chapter 6: |
Opportunities in Materials Research |
Volume III |
The Institutional Framework for Materials Science and Engineering |
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Chapter 7: |
Industrial, Governmental, Academic, and Professional Activities in Materials Science and Engineering |
Volume IV |
Materials Technology Abroad |
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Chapter 8: |
Aspects of Materials Technology Abroad |
TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR VOLUME I
Chapter Number
Page Number
LIST OF FIGURES FOR VOLUME I
Figure Number
Page Number
CHAPTER 1. MATERIALS AND SOCIETY
CHAPTER 2. THE CONTEMPORARY MATERIALS SCENE
2.1 |
Steel Mill Products, Physical Output, Actual and Deflated Average Unit Costs and Cost Proportions, 1899–1939. |
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2.2 |
Supply-Demand Relationship for Copper in 1969 |
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2.3 |
Factors Involved in the Flow of Materials |
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2.4 |
Materials Utilization Shows Social and Technical Pressures on the Materials Scientist and Engineer |
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2.5 |
Research and Development Spending in the United States, 1953–72 |
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2.6 |
Conduct of Federal Research and Development |
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2.7 |
Trends in Federal Basic and Applied Research |
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2.8 |
Direct Government Funding for Materials Research and Development |
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2.9 |
Percentage of Register Respondents in MSE vs. MSE Cutoff Score |
CHAPTER 3. MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING AS A MULTIDISCIPLINE
3.1 |
Change with Time of Coupling Between Science and Engineering in the Materials Field |
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3.2 |
Example of Systems Engineering Applied to MSE Taken from OECD Report on “Problems and Prospects of Fundamental Research in Selected Scientific Fields—Materials.” |
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3.3 |
Key Integrated-Circuit Developments, 1958–1971 |
LIST OF TABLES FOR VOLUME I
Table Number
Page Number
CHAPTER 1. MATERIALS AND SOCIETY
CHAPTER 2. THE CONTEMPORARY MATERIALS SCENE
2.1 |
Consumption of Selected Basic Materials in the U.S. |
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2.2 |
Distribution of National Income of the United States by Industry Category, 1965 |
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2.3 |
Distribution of National Income of the United States within Selected Industry Categories, 1965 |
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2.4 |
Selected Industry Components of the Gross National Product, 1971 |
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2.5 |
U.S. Trade Balances in Illustrative Product Categories |
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2.6 |
Estimates of Manpower in Principal Disciplinary Sectors of Materials Science and Engineering |
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2.7 |
Distribution of Materials Scientists and Engineers by Category of Activity |
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2.8 |
Distribution of Federal Materials R&D Effort by Class of Materials |
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2.9 |
Distribution of Federal Materials R&D Effort by Research Activity |
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2.10 |
Distribution of Federal Materials R&D Effort by Performing Organization |
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2.11 |
Distribution of Federal Materials R&D Effort by Supporting Agency |
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2.12 |
Distribution of Federal Materials R&D Effort by Agency and Material for FY 1967 and 1971 |
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2.13 |
Direct Federal Funding of Materials Research and Development by Agency, Type of Research, and Performer for FY 1971 |
2.14 |
Direct Federal Funding of Materials Research and Development by Agency and Field of Materials for FY 1971 |
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2.15 |
Distribution by Field of Science of Federal R&D Support to Universities for FY 1970 |
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2.16 |
Distribution of Federal Agency Support for “Metallurgy and Materials” R&D at Universities for FY 1970 |
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2.17 |
Proportion of Federal Agency Materials R&D Funds Allocated to Universities for FY 1970 |
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2.18 |
Comparison of Federal Materials R&D Support at Universities Between “Materials Departments” and “Other Departments” for FY 1970 |
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2.19 |
Industrial Research and Development (Includes federally-funded industrial R&D) |
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2.20 |
Industrial Research and Development as Percent of Sales |
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2.21 |
Federally-Financed Industrial Research and Development |
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2.22 |
Company-Funded Industrial Research and Development |
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2.23 |
Comparison of Materials Engineers with All Engineers |
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2.24 |
Society Membership |
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2.25 |
Percentage of Ph.D.’s Among Materials Engineers by Product Group |
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2.26 |
Principal Functions of Materials Engineering |
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2.27 |
Materials Engineers Receiving Government Support |
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2.28 |
Product or Service Related to Employment |
2.29 |
Leading Employment Specialties of MaterialsEngineers (%) |
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2.30 |
Leading Employment Specialties of Materials Engineers (Ph.D., %) |
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2.31 |
Some “Agreed” Areas of Technology and Science (MSE = 75) in Materials Engineering |
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2.32 |
Characteristics of Materials Engineers in Sixteen “Agreed” Areas of Technology and Science in Materials Engineering |
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2.33 |
Numbers of Materials Scientists, By Discipline |
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2.34 |
Leading Major Subjects of Highest Degree Among Materials Scientists |
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2.35 |
Leading Professional Identifications of Materials Scientists |
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2.36 |
Number of Materials Scientists with Selected Professional Identification |
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2.37 |
Criteria for Inclusion in the Science Register |
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2.38 |
Employment of Materials Scientists by Institution and Work Activity, 1968 |
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2.39 |
Median Basic Annual Salary of Materials Scientists by Age and Type of Employer, 1968 |
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2.40 |
Number of Materials Scientists in Specialty Areas from 1964 to 1970 |
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2.41 |
Estimated Total Number of Materials Scientists and Engineers in the United States |
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2A.1 |
Specialty Areas in the 1969 National Engineers Register with MSE Score Greater Than 45 |
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2A.2 |
Specialty Areas in the 1968 National Register of Scientific and Technical Personnel with MSE Score Greater Than 45 |
CHAPTER 3. MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING AS A MULTIDISCIPLINE
3.1 |
Some Achievements in Materials Science and Engineering |
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3.2 |
Comparative Characteristics and Attributes of Some Disciplines Involved in MSE |
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3.3 |
Federal Funds for Total Research in Metallurgy and Materials Engineering in FY 1966 through 1971 (Est.) |
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3.4 |
Typical Reentry Environment Parameters for Reentry Vehicles Entering the Earth’s Atmosphere |