Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
APPENDIX B Abstracts of Commissioned Papers The committee commissioned nine papers that provide technical, policy, and historical perspectives on issues important to the study. The authors were selected by the committee, and each author was given a topic state- ment identifying the questions to address. This appendix contains an abstract of each commissioned paper. Certain papers and their findings are also referenced in chapters of the report. The papers are available at www.trb.org/PolicyStudies/ NavalEngine21Century.aspx. COMMISSIONED PAPER 1 Examining the Science and Technology Enterprise in Naval Engineering: Workforce and Education Ronald K. Kiss, Webb Institute (May 13, 2010) The purpose of this paper is to address the topic of workforce and edu- cation. The needs for a technically literate workforce and its supporting education system continue to draw the attention of national leaders. A common message has been issued by recent National Academy of Engi- neering studies, President Obamaâs April 2009 speech to the Academy, and the November 2009 White House Educate to Innovate initiative: the nation needs to increase its attention to and involvement with the science and engineering education system and the professional devel- opment pipeline. This paper examines the continuum between the naval engineering education system and the workforce that is employed in that profession. A strong relationship exists between activities that attract talent, develop 223
224 Naval Engineering in the 21st Century discipline-speciï¬c skills, and transition successful naval engineering grad- uates into the workforce, yet the links between these activities are not fully coordinated. While the naval engineering pipeline exists, there does not appear to be a single entity that is responsible for ensuring that national naval engineering educational needs are being met. The paper also explores the professional society engineering outreach programs and reviews the current state of undergraduate and graduate naval engineering education. The graduate-level review includes speciï¬c programs both in naval engineering and in related disciplines. It exam- ines the naval engineering workforce itself and identiï¬es professional development models and on-the-job training programs to attract, retain, and educate the workforce. The paper has three sections. One focuses on the undergraduate cur- riculum, the second on graduate education, and the third on workforce development programs (including engineering outreach programs, industry-specific training, and recruiting efforts to draw talent from related disciplines). The workforce referred to is that needed to meet naval engineering innovation, research, and development needs. Given the significant investment in education and training programs, proper attention must be devoted to retain these skilled graduates in the naval engineering field. COMMISSIONED PAPER 2 Some Potential Technology Implications of the Navyâs Future Ronald OâRourke, Congressional Research Service (April 30, 2010) This paper brieï¬y surveys some potential technology implications of the Navyâs future. These implications arise from the Navyâs future operating environment, the kinds of operations the Navy may conduct in coming years, and the Navyâs prospective resource situation. Each of these sub- jects is discussed below. The collection of issues discussed in this paper is not intended to be comprehensive, and the issues are not presented in any particular order. Speciï¬c features of the Navyâs future operating environment that may have technology implications for the Navy include, but are not nec- essarily limited to, the following: adversaries with antiaccess weapons;
Abstracts of Commissioned Papers 225 adversaries with cyberwarfare and related capabilities; adversaries with nuclear weapons; terrorist and irregular warfare threats to forward- deployed Navy ships; limited or uncertain access to, and vulnerability of, overseas land bases; diminishment of Arctic sea ice; and policy-maker focus on energy use and alternative energy. COMMISSIONED PAPER 3 Game-Changing Ships and Related Systems Norman Friedman (June 14, 2010) Naval warfare is shaped by the vastness of the sea, which makes the movements of ships beyond the horizon difficult to know. Thus, rel- atively small groups of ships have exerted enormous impact, and until the 20th century, all naval battles were fought near important places ashore, because fleets found other fleets as a consequence of blockade operations. The vastness of the sea required large ships for long-range operations. Since those same ships had to come close to land to be effec- tive, a second issue was whether small seagoing craft could tip the bal- ance of naval power against large ships. This paper is a study of the sources of innovation through the lens of history. Few innovators consciously analyzed the character of sea power and then set out to develop something earth-shaking. Some instinctively grasped the implications of what they were doing. In most cases it is dif- ï¬cult to identify an individual with what is, in retrospect, an obviously decisive development. The innovations are categorized into three periods, which correspond approximately to types of innovation. The ï¬rst period, before about 1900, was the era of inventors, of individuals who perceived a broad if unstated requirement and managed to meet it. The second period (1900â1945) was the era of innovation by large naval organizations, which could develop platforms or systems for speciï¬c new roles. The third period after 1945 was different because cold war navies were far more integrated into national strategy extending beyond naval operations. Direct effects of naval oper- ations against the land became more important because the probable enemy, the Soviet Union, did not depend on sea transportation. The advent of nuclear weapons greatly confused attempts to understand what
226 Naval Engineering in the 21st Century the naval game was, hence what innovations were critical. The third period is the current era of system integration, in which payloads often dominate ship design in unpredictable ways. The issue in innovation is always whether requirements or the innova- tor (or technology) dominates. During the interwar period, requirements pull appears to have dominated. World War II in effect demonstrated that technology offered new possibilities and thus was worth pursuing inde- pendently of requirements. Overall, the paper takes specific platforms or systems as shorthand for large categories, such as amphibious ships. Some vital technologies cannot be traced back to individual game-changing ships or devices, such as mine countermeasures. COMMISSIONED PAPER 4 Transitioning Technology to Naval Ships Norbert Doerry, Naval Sea Systems Command (June 18, 2010) Transitioning technology from the academic and industrial research environment to installation on U.S. Navy ships is a complex process that intersects ï¬ve domains: the science and technology community, resource sponsors, the acquisition and engineering community, industry, and the ï¬eet. This paper presents both the current model and an alternative model for technology transition. The models reï¬ect three drivers for inserting a new technology into a given system: ï¬lling a military capabil- ity gap, exploiting technology opportunities, and managing risk across a portfolio of systems. A discussion of how the different domains affect the processes is included. The paper continues with a discussion of technol- ogy transition challenges, provides technology transition examples, and offers recommendations to improve the process. COMMISSIONED PAPER 5 Naval Ship Design and Construction: Topics for the R&D Community Paul E. Sullivan, USEC, Inc. (June 10, 2010) The U.S. naval shipbuilding establishment has produced the best, most technologically advanced, and most powerful navy in history. However,
Abstracts of Commissioned Papers 227 the price that the nation pays for naval superiority has caused erosion of the number of ships in the ï¬eet to the point that there are chronically insufï¬cient resources to fulï¬ll the Navyâs global commitment. The Chief of Naval Operations has stated the requirement for 313 to 324 battle- force ships. Yet the ï¬eet hovers at about 280 ships, and this number is unlikely to increase signiï¬cantly without substantial additional invest- ment in new construction or signiï¬cant service life extensions of ships in the inventory. The naval shipbuilding plans that could quickly bring ship numbers to required strength are unaffordable in the context of a constrained shipbuilding budget. Simply put, numbers count. Unless the overall cost of the fleet can be driven down dramatically without sacrificing military superiority, the U.S. Navy will remain short of resources to cover the need. The biggest cost driver for naval shipbuilding is, in fact, mission requirements. Quality and high performance cost money. Battle-force ships will never be inexpensive. However, the shipbuilding community has the obligation to help the requirements community by instituting technology initiatives, process initiatives, and policy revisions that result in âgame-changingâ inï¬uence on the requirementsâcost trade-off process. In addition, there are a myriad of issues driving shipbuilding costs that do not inï¬uence mission requirements, and the community could adapt them for all shipbuilding programs. This paper explores the needs for substantive improvement in shipbuilding costs as follows: ⢠Cultural changes in the approach to requirements, ship design, and ship construction that could reduce the overall cost of battle-force ships; ⢠Process changes and design tools that could substantively reduce the time needed for and the cost of designing and constructing naval ships; and ⢠Technology improvements that can simplify and reduce the cost of ship construction and life-cycle maintenance. The 30-year shipbuilding plan sent to Congress with the FY 2011 budget requires a pace of 12 to 15 ships per year of all types. However, the Navyâs shipbuilding and conversion budget for the past decade has provided only seven to nine ships per year. There is little prospect of the budget increasing in real terms, so the shipbuilding plan is likely unaffordable. The naval ship design and construction community must embrace many
228 Naval Engineering in the 21st Century changes to give the Chief of Naval Operations options for building the battle-force ships required by the 30-year shipbuilding plan. COMMISSIONED PAPER 6 Science and Technology Challenges and Potential Game-Changing Opportunities Michael Triantafyllou, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (May 2010) The future of naval engineering in the 21st century will be shaped by novel and emerging technologies. These technologies will provide unprecedented capabilities but will require radical rethinking of naval ship and vehicle design. This change is already in the works as engi- neering schools in major universities are hiring young faculty trained in new fields and developing novel technologies. This investment is expected to bring radical changes to mature ï¬elds, such as naval architec- ture and marine engineering; hence it is necessary to prepare the ground now to reap the beneï¬ts. The paper is structured on the basis of these emerging technologies and the impact they are expected to have, providing discussion of their impact on naval ships and vessels and their capabilities. Traditional mechanical engineering departments and naval architecture and marine engineering schools are turning increasingly toward nanoengineering, novel power trains and synthetic fuels, and robotic devices and smart sensors to revitalize mature disciplines. A discussion of the implications of the following emerging technolo- gies and ï¬elds for naval ship design is given: ⢠Efï¬cient power trains, especially of the hybrid type; efï¬cient engines using alternative fuels, which are more sustainable and environmen- tally friendly; and fuel cells that use conventional fuels more efï¬ciently; ⢠Progress in surface chemistry allowing the development of novel coat- ings to protect ship hulls and cargo holds, reduce deposits in pipelines, and reduce ï¬uid drag; ⢠The all-electric ship, which has generated new methods for designing and operating ships with increased automation, reduced manning, and increased reliability;
Abstracts of Commissioned Papers 229 ⢠New sensor arrays, which will allow sensing of the self-generated ï¬ow and will create the capability for active ï¬ow manipulation and hence increased capabilities for maneuvering and efï¬cient propulsion; ⢠Robotic developments that promise routine unmanned inspection and remote underwater intervention; ⢠Smart autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) that increase sub- stantially the operational capability of ships and submarines. Naval ship and submarine design will be inï¬uenced signiï¬cantly by the need to accommodate the storage and servicing as well as the launching and retrieval of AUVs in rough weather; ⢠New high-strength steels that improve hull protection against impact and fatigue, including operation in very cold climates; and ⢠Global ocean modeling and prediction that will allow effective rout- ing and operation of vessels in rough seas with unprecedented detail. The paper closes with an assessment of the shape of future naval designs and the capabilities they will offer. COMMISSIONED PAPER 7 The Future for Naval Engineering Millard S. Firebaugh, University of Maryland (September 2010) In the future, a broad integrating outlook on the part of naval engineer- ing leadership is imperative for success. Success will be recognized in the form of a U.S. Navy that maintains naval dominance at costs that are reli- able and reasonable in the context of the many other challenges the nation faces. The U.S. Navy must nurture leadership in naval engineer- ing by paying close attention to the selection of leaders and by providing for their education and experience. Broad knowledge and consideration of future trends across all naval engineering elements will be critically important in creating naval systems that can serve effectively and efï¬- ciently for many years. The U.S. Navy is highly dependent on technology, faces much uncer- tainty as to the capabilities of the future threat, is entering a period of even more intense downward pressure on its budget, and must absorb new technologies from across the globe to maintain superiority. There-
230 Naval Engineering in the 21st Century fore, naval engineering faces business, programmatic, and technological challenges. The Navy exists to deploy military force from the sea in the national interest. For the most part, the Navy carries out its mission in highly developed and specialized ships. The technologies concerning ships and the systems and equipment that operate in and from those ships are the province of naval engineering. In this paper three themes are discussed: ï¬rst, the importance of devel- oping the individuals who are the future for naval engineering; second, the key business, programmatic, and technological challenges that will be important in future naval engineering developments; and third, areas of knowledge that naval engineering leaders need to master, beyond the usual content of formal engineering education. As with most great enterprises, naval engineering for the U.S. Navy is fundamentally about peopleâtheir imagination, knowledge, skills, ded- ication, culture, work ethic, and vision for the future. COMMISSIONED PAPER 8 Composites Road to the Fleet: A Collaborative Success Story John P. Hackett, Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding (June 18, 2010) This paper traces the history of Northrop Grumman Shipbuildingâ Gulf Coastâs (NGSB-GCâs) quest to bring composite materials to naval shipbuilding and the ï¬eet. It will show the initial NGSB-GC independent research and development activity in composites, eventually leading to teaming with the Navy on major composite projects. Numerous small projects became stepping stones that enabled larger projects to go for- ward. Examples of composite applications that made it to the ï¬eet, as well as some that did not, will be addressed. One example of a success, the development of the advanced enclosed mastâsensor system mast concept [its design, manufacture, test articles, and installation on the USS Arthur W. Radford (DD 968) as a demonstration] and eventually its implementation on the LPD 17 class of ships, will be discussed. Another case study, the DDG 51 Flight IIA composite hangar, a technical success that did not make it to the fleet, will be addressed. The high-speed ves- sel demonstrated the use of composites for the forward one-third of its 290-foot-long hull with its complex shape. These large composite structure
Abstracts of Commissioned Papers 231 successes made the next step, of a composite superstructure with embedded antennas and low observability, an achievable goal. The DDG 1000 class, with a composite superstructure, will become the first class of large U.S. Navy ships so outfitted. COMMISSIONED PAPER 9 Human Systems Integration (HSI)/Crew Design Process Development in the Zumwalt Destroyer Program: A Case Study in the Importance of Wide Collaboration John Hagan, Bath Iron Works (June 8, 2010) The paper reviews the Bath Iron Worksâled humanâsystems integra- tion (HSI)âcrew design effort in the DDG 1000 program, or Zumwalt destroyer, which was charged with deriving a highly detailed crew design coincident with and traceable to the hardware and software designs. The following are of special interest in the paper: ⢠A description of HSI processes and tools developed or adapted for DDG 1000, along with lessons learned and recommendations; ⢠The critical importance of collaboration, both inside the design team (intrateam) and with multiple outside entities (interteam); and ⢠The importance of HSI as a component of the systems engineering effort (rather than treating HSI as a component of logistics or as a stand- alone activity).