Countermeasures to Protect Bridge Piers from Scour (2007)

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Brown, S.A., and Clyde, E.S., “Design of Riprap Revetment,” Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 11 (HEC-11), FHWA-IP-016, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C. (1989). Bryson, D.W., Ghere, D.G., and Hulbert, W.H., “European Practice for Bridge Scour and Stream Instability Countermeasures,” Trans- portation Research Record 1696, Vol. 2, pp. 236–243 (2000). Burns, R.S., Fotherby, L.M., Ruff, J.F., and Carey, J.M., “Design Exam- ple for Bridge Pier Scour Measures Using Toskanes,” Transportation Research Record 1523, pp. 173–177 (1996). Federal Waterway Engineering and Research Institute (BAW), “Code of Practice – Use of Cement Bonded and Bituminous Materials for Grouting of Armor Stones on Waterways” (MAV), Karlsruhe, Germany (1990). Federal Waterway Engineering and Research Institute (BAW), “Guide- lines for Testing of Cement and Bitumen Bonded Materials for Grouting of Armor Stones on Waterways” (RPV), Karlsruhe, Ger- many (1991). Federal Waterway Engineering and Research Institute (BAW), “Code of Practice – Use of Geotextile Filters on Waterways” (MAG), Karls- ruhe, Germany (1993). Federal Waterway Engineering and Research Institute (BAW), “Code of Practice – Use of Standard Construction Methods for Bank and Bot- tom Protection on Waterways” (MAR), Karlsruhe, Germany (1993). Federal Waterway Engineering and Research Institute (BAW), “Guide- lines for Testing Geotextile Filters in Navigable Waterways (RPG), Karlsruhe, Germany (1994). Centre for Civil Engineering Research and Codes (CUR), Manual on the Use of Rock in Hydraulic Engineering, CUR/RWS Report 169, Road and Hydraulics Division, A.A. Balkema Publishers, Rotterdam, Netherlands (1995). Chang, F.F.M., “A Statistical Summary of the Cause and Cost of Bridge Failures,” Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. (1973). 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Froehlich, D.C., “Riprap Particle Stability by Moment Analysis,” In: Managing Water: Coping with Scarcity and Abundance, Proceedings of Theme A, 27th IAHR Congress, F.M. Holly, Jr., A. Alsaffar, M. English, and A. Szollosi-Nagy (eds.), San Francisco, CA, pp. 172–177 (1997). Froehlich, D.C., and Benson, C.A., “Sizing Dumped Rock Riprap,” ASCE Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 122, No. 7, pp. 389–396 (1996). Galay, V.J., Yaremko, E.K, and Quazi, M.E., “River Bed Scour and Con- struction of Stone Riprap Protection,” Sediment Transport in Gravel-Bed Rivers, John Wiley and Sons Ltd., pp. 353–383 (1987). Geosyntec Consultants, “Geotextile Filter Design Manual,” prepared for the Nicolon Corporation under Project No. GE1252, Norcross, GA (1991). Geosyntec Consultants, “Geotextile Filter Design Manual,” Norcross, GA (1998). Gomez, R.P., “Controlling Bridge Pier Scour by Rip-Rapping,” M.S. Thesis, University of Arizona, p. 73 (1987). 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