Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
212 Acheson, A. R. (1968). River Control and Drainage in New Zealand and Some Comparisons with Overseas Practices. Ministry of Works, New Zealand. Adams, M., Ketchart, K., Ruckman, A., DiMillio, A. F., Wu, J., and Satya- narayana, R. (1999). Reinforced soil for bridge support applications on low-volume roads. Transportation Research Record 1652: Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume Roads, May 23-26, 1999, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Volume 1, Transportation Research Board. Ahmad, M. (1951). Spacing and projection of spurs for bank protection. Civil Engineering and Public Work Review, London, United Kingdom, March 172-174, April 256-258. Ahmad, M. (1953). Experiments on design and behavior of spur dikes. Proc., Minnesota International Hydraulics Convention, International Association of Hydraulic Research. Ashley, G. M. (1990). Classification of large-scale subaqueous bed- forms: A new look at an old problem. Journal of Sedimentary Petrol- ogy, Vol. 60, No. 1. Atayee, A. T. (1993). Study of riprap as scour protection for spill- through abutments. Transportation Research Record 1420: Hydrol- ogy, Hydraulics, and Water Quality, Transportation Research Board. Atayee, A. T., Pagan-Ortiz, J. E., Jones, J. S., and Kilgore, R. T. (1993). Study of riprap as scour protection for bridge abutments. Proc., Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, Part 1, American Society of Civil Engineers. Austroads (1994). Waterway DesignâA Guide to the Hydraulic Design of Bridges, Culverts and Floodways. Sydney, Australia. Bertoldi, D. A., and Jones, J. S. (1994). An Experimental Study of Scour Protection Alternatives at Bridge Piers. Turner-Fairbank Laboratory, Federal Highway Administration. Biglari, B., and Sturm, T. W. (1998). Numerical modeling of flow around bridge abutments in compound channel. Journal of Hydraulic Engi- neering, Vol. 124, No. 2, American Society of Civil Engineers. Blench, T. (1969). Mobile-Bed Fluviology. University of Alberta Press, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Blodgett, J. C., and McConaughy, C. E. (1985). Evaluation of Rock Riprap Design Practices for Protection of Channels Near Highway Struc- turesâPhase I. Preliminary report subject to revision, prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with Federal Highway Administration. [Subsequently published as Rock Riprap Design for Protection of Stream Channels Near Highway Structures, U.S. Geo- logical Survey report 86-4127 (Vol. 1) and 86-4128 (Vol. 2), 1986.] Borghei, S. M., Vatannia, Z., Ghodsian, M., Jalili, M. R., and Nalder, G. (2004). Discussion: Oblique rectangular sharp-crested weir. Water Management, Vol. 157, No. 4. Bradley, J. N. (1978). Hydraulics of Bridge Waterways. Hydraulic Design Series 1, Federal Highway Administration. Breusers, H. N. C., and Raudkivi, A. J. (1991). Scouring. IAHR Hydraulic Structures Design Manuel 2, International Association of Hydraulic Research. Brown,S.A. (1985a).Streambank Stabilization Measures for Highway Engi- neers. Report FHWA/RD-84/100, Federal Highway Administration. Brown, S.A. (1985b). Design of Spur-Type Streambank Stabilization Struc- tures. Report FHWA/RD-84-101, Federal Highway Administration. Brown, S. A., and Clyde, E. S. (1989). Design of Riprap Revetment. Hydraulic Engineering Circular 11, Report FHWA-IP-89-016, Federal Highway Administration. Burns, R. S., Fotherby, L. M., Ruff, J. F., and Carey, J. M. (1996). Design example for bridge pier scour measures using Toskanes. Trans- portation Research Record 1523: Geometric and Other General Design Issues, Transportation Research Board. Cardoso, A. H., and Bettess, R. (1999). Effects of time and channel geometry on scour at bridge abutments. Journal of Hydraulic Engi- neering, Vol. 125, No. 4, American Society of Civil Engineers. Central Board of Irrigation and Power (1989). River Behaviour Man- agement and Training. Edited by C. V. J. Sharma, K. R. Saxema, and M. K. Rao, Publication 204, Vol. 1, New Delhi, India. Central Board of Irrigation and Power (1989). River Behaviour Man- agement and Training. Edited by C. V. J. Sharma, K. R. Saxema, and M. K. Rao, Publication 204, Vol. 2, New Delhi, India. Cheung, K. M. (2002). Cable-tied blocks as a countermeasure. M.E. The- sis, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, the Univer- sity of Auckland, New Zealand. Chiew, Y. M. (1995). Mechanics of riprap failure at bridge piers, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 121, No. 9, American Society of Civil Engineers. Chiew, Y. M. (2000). Failure behavior of riprap layer at bridge piers under live-bed conditions. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,Vol. 126, No. 1, American Society of Civil Engineers. Chitale, S. V. (1980). Radius of curved heads of guide banks. Irrigation and Power, Vol. 37, No. 4. Choi, S. U., Paik, J., and Cho, W. (2000). Hydraulic properties of con- crete blocks for bed protection. Paper presented at the Interna- tional Symposium on Scour of Foundations, International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Melbourne, Australia. Copeland, R. R. (1983). Bank Protection Techniques Using Spur Dikes. Hydraulics Laboratory, U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi. References
Croad, R. N. (1989). Investigation of the Pre-Excavation of the Abutment Scour Hole at Bridge Abutments. Report 89-A9303, Central Labora- tories, Works and Development Services Corporation (NZ) Ltd., Lower Hutt, New Zealand. De Sousa Pinto, N. L. (1959). Riprap Protection Against Scour Around Bridge Piers. Masters thesis, University of Iowa, Iowa City. Dongol, D. M. S. (1994). Local Scour at Bridge Abutments. Ph.D. disserta- tion, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Auckland, New Zealand. Escarameia, M. (1995). Channel ProtectionâGabion Mattresses and Concrete Blocks. Report SR 427, HR Wallingford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom. Escarameia, M., and May, R. W. P. (1992). Channel ProtectionâTurbu- lence Downstream of Structures. Report SR 313, HR Wallingford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom. Ettema, R. (1990). Hydraulic Model Studies of Circulating-Water and Essential-Service-Water Pump-Intake Structures. IIHR Limited Distribution Report 173, Korea Electric Power Corporation Yong- gwang Station, Units 3 and 4. Ettema, R. (1992). Enhanced Performance and Reliability of Water Intakes for Generating Stations. Proposal of Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research to Electric Power Research Institute. Ettema, R., Kirkil, G., and Muste, M. (2006). Similitude of large-scale turbulence in experiments on local scour at cylinders. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 132, No. 1, American Society of Civil Engineers. Eve, N. J. (1999). Riprap Protection at Bridge Abutments. M.E. thesis, the University of Auckland, New Zealand. Farabee, G. B. (1986). Fish species associated with revetted and main channel border habitats in Pool 24 of the Upper Mississippi River. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, Vol. 6, No. 4. Farraday, R. V., and Charlton, F. G. (1983). Hydraulic Factors in Bridge Design. Hydraulics Research Station, Wallingford, England. Farsirotou, E. D., Soulis, J. V., and Dermissis, V. D. (1998). Two- dimensional, multi-grid, viscous, free-surface flow calculation. Proc., 1998 7th International Conference on Hydraulic Engineering Software, HYDROSOFT. Federal Highway Administration (1995). Evaluating Scour at Bridges. Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18. Federal Highway Administration (1997). Bridge Scour and Stream Insta- bility Countermeasures. Hydraulic Engineering Circular 23. Forchheimer, P. (1914) Hydraulik. Teubner, Leipzig/Berlin. Franco, J. J. (1982). Summary Report: Model-Prototype Comparison Study of Dike Systems, Mississippi River. Technical Report HL-82- 11, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi. Froehlich, D. C. (2002). Userâs Manual for FESWMS Flo2DH Two- Dimensional Depth-Averaged Flow and Sediment Transport Model, Release 3. Report FHWA-RD-03-053, Federal Highway Adminis- tration Office of Research, Development, and Technology, Turner- Fairbank Highway Research Center. Gadd, P. E. (1988). Sand bag slope protection: Design, construction and performance. In: Arctic Coastal Processes and Slope Protection Design, A. T. Chen and C. B. Leidersdorf (editors), Technical Coun- cil on Cold Regions Engineering Monograph, American Society of Civil Engineers. Garde, R. J., Subramanya, K., and Nambudripad, K. D. (1961). Study of scour around spur dikes. Journal of the Hydraulics Division, 87(HY6), American Society of Civil Engineers. Gill, M. A. (1972). Erosion of sand beds around spur dikes. Journal of the Hydraulics Division, 98(HY9) American Society of Civil Engineers. Grant, A. P. (1948). Channel improvements in alluvial streams. Proc., New Zealand Institution of Engineers, Vol. XXXIV. Gregorius, B. H. (1985). Waterway Design ProceduresâGuidelines. Civil Division Publication, Ministry of Works and Development, Hamil- ton, New Zealand. Harris, J. D. (1988). Hydraulic design of bridges, Chapter I. MTC Drainage Manual, Drainage and Hydrology Section, Ontario Min- istry of Transportation, Downsview, Ontario, Canada. Heibaum, M. H. (2002). Scour protection and repair by filtering geosyn- thetic containers. Proc., First International Conference on Scour of Foundations (ICSF-1), Vol. 1. Heibaum, M. H. (2004). Geotechnical filters: The important link in scour protection. Proc., 2nd International Conference on Scour of Foundations, CD, Singapore. Herbich, J. B. (1967). Prevention of scour at bridge abutments. Proc., 12th Congress of International Association of Hydraulic Research. Hjorth, P. (1975). Studies of the nature of local scour. Bulletin Series A, No. 46, Department of Water Resources Engineering, University of Lund, Sweden. Hoe, D. (2001). Cable-Tied Block Protection of Bridge Abutments. Fourth- year project in resource engineering, Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, the University of Auckland, New Zealand. Hoffmans, G. J., and Verheij, H. J. (1997). Scour Manual. A. A. Balkema Publishers, Brookfield, Vermont. Hudson, K., and East, G. R. W. (1991). Geo-Textiles. Transit New Zealand Research Report, Wellington, New Zealand. Inglis, C. C. (1949). The Behavior and Control of Rivers and Canals. Research Publication 13, Parts I and II, Central Waterpower Irriga- tion and Navigation Research Station, Poona, India. Isbash, S. V. (1936). Construction of dams by depositing rock on run- ning water. Translated, Proc., 2nd Congress on Large Dams, Vol. 5. Jacobs, B. K., and Kobayashi, N. (1983). Sandbag Stability and Wave Runup on Bench Slopes. Research Report CE-83-36, University of Delaware, Department of Civil Engineering. Johnson, P., Hey, R., Tessier, M., and Rosgen, D. (2001). Use of vanes for control of scour at vertical-wall abutments. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 127, No. 9, American Society of Civil Engineers. Jones, J. S., Bertoldi, D., and Stein, S. (1995). Alternative scour counter- measures. Proc., 1st International Conference on Water Resources. Part 2 (of 2), Vol. 2, American Society of Civil Engineers. Kandasamy, J. K. (1989). Abutment Scour. Ph.D. dissertation, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Auckland, New Zealand. Kapoor, B. S., and Keana, C. M. (1994). Experimental overview to mech- anism of scour around a round nosed pier and effect of delta wing like device on scour pattern around it. Modelling, Measurement & Control C: Energetics, Chemistry, Earth, Environmental & Biomedical Problems, Vol. 46, No. 3, AMSE Press, Tassin-la-Demi-Lune, France. Karaki, S. S. (1959). Hydraulic Model Study of Spur Dikes for Highway Bridge Openings. Report CER59SSK36, Colorado State University, Civil Engineering Section, September. Karaki, S. S. (1961). Laboratory study of spur dikes for highway bridge protection. Highway Research Board Bulletin 286, Highway Research Board. Kerenyi, K., Jones, J. S., Goeden, K., Phillips, R., and Oien, P. (2005). A better design for box culverts? Public Roads, Vol. 69, No. 2. Khan, K. W., Chaudhry, M. H. (1992). Numerical modelling of flow around spur dikes. Proc., 4 International Conference on Hydraulic Engineering Software HYDROSOFT/92. Kirkil, G., Ettema, R., and Muste, M. V. (2004). Similitude of coherent turbulence structures in flume studies of bridge scour. Proc., 2nd International Conference on Scour and Erosion, Singapore, Vol. 1. 213
Korkut, R. (2004). Geobags as Abutment-Scour Countermeasure. M.S. thesis, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Univer- sity of Iowa, Iowa City. Kuhnle, R. A., Alonso, C. V., and Shields, F. D. (1997). Volume of scour holes associated with spur dikes. Proc., 27th Congress of International Association of Hydraulic Research. Part B-1. Kuhnle, R. A., Alonso, C. V., and Shields, F. D. (1998). Volume of scour holes for angled spur dikes. Proc., International Water Resources Engineering Conference. Part 2 (of 2), Vol. 2, American Society of Civil Engineers. Kuhnle, R. A., Alonso, C. V., and Shields, F. D. (1999). Geometry of scour holes associated with 90-degree spur dikes. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 125, No. 9, American Society of Civil Engineers. Kwan, T. F. (1984). A Study of Abutment Scour. M.E. thesis, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Auckland, New Zealand. Kwan, T. F. (1988). A Study of Abutment Scour. Department of Civil Engineering Report 451, University of Auckland. Lagasse, P. F., Byars, M. S., Zevenbergen, L. W., and Clopper, P. E. (1997). Bridge Scour and Stream Instability Countermeasures. Report FHWA HI-97-030, Hydraulic Engineering Circular 23, Federal Highway Administration. Lagasse, P. F., Richardson, E. V., and. Zevenbergen, L. W. (1996). Design of guide banks for bridge abutment protection. Proc., Conference on North American Water and Environment Congress & Destructive Water. American Society of Civil Engineers. Lagasse, P. F., Richardson, E. V., and. Zevenbergen, L. W. (1999). Design of guide banks for bridge abutment protection. In: Stream Stability and Scour at Highway Bridges. American Society of Civil Engineers. Lagasse, P. F, Schall, J. D., Johnson, F., Richardson E. V., and Chang, F. (1995). Stream Stability at Highway Structures. Report FHWA IP- 90-014, Hydraulic Engineering Circular 20, Federal Highway Administration. Lagasse, P. F., Zevenbergen, L. W., Schall, J. D., and Clopper, P. E. (2001). Bridge Scour and Stream Instability Countermeasures. Report FHWA NHI 01-003, Hydraulic Engineering Circular 23, Pages 2.7, 2.9, 4.6, 6.16 - 6.18, Design Guidelines 1, 9, 10. Lauchlan, C. S. (1999). Pier Scour Countermeasures. Ph.D. thesis, the University of Auckland, New Zealand. Laursen, E. M. (1962a). Scour at bridge crossings. In: Transactions, American Society of Civil Engineers, Paper 3294, Vol. 127, Part I. Laursen, E. M., and Flick, M. W. (1983). Final Report, Predicting Scour at Bridges: Questions Not Fully AnsweredâScour at Sill Structures. Report ATTI-83-6, Arizona Department of Transportation. Lim, S.Y., and Nugroho, J. (2004). Observations on flow field around an abutment in a two-stage channel. Proc. 2nd International Confer- ence on Scour and Erosion, Singapore, Vol. 1. Liu, M. K., Chang, F. M., and Skinner, M. M. (1961). Effect of Bridge Con- struction on Scour and Backwater. Report CER60-HKL22, Depart- ment of Civil Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Macky, G. H. (1986). Model Testing of Bridge Abutment Scour Protection. Report 3-86/12, Central Laboratories, Ministry of Works and Development, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. Martinez, E. J. (2003). An Assessment of Two Countermeasures to Reduce Abutment Scour. M.S. thesis, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Iowa, Iowa City. Mayerle, R., Toro, F. M., and Wang, S. S.Y. (1995).Verification of a three- dimensional numerical model simulation of the flow in the vicin- ity of spur dikes. Journal on Hydraulic Research, Vol. 33, No. 2. Maynord, S. T. (1987). Stable Riprap Size for Open Channel Flows. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Colorado State University. Maynord, S. T. (1988). Stable Riprap Size for Open Channel Flows. Tech- nical Report HL-88-4, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi. Maynord, S. T. (1993). Flow Impingement, Snake River, Wyoming. Tech- nical Report HL-93-9, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi. Maynord, S. T., Ruff, J. F., and Abt, S. R. (1989). Riprap design. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 115, No. 7, American Society of Civil Engineers. Maza Alvarez, J. A. (1989). Design of groynes and spur dikes. Proc., 1989 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering. McCorquodale, J. A., Moawad, A., and McCorquodale, A. C. (1993). Cable-tied block erosion protection. Hydraulic Engineering (1993), American Society of Civil Engineers conference. Melville, B. W. (1992). Local scour at bridge abutments. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 118, No. 4, American Society of Civil Engineers. Melville, B. W. (1997). Pier and abutment scour: Integrated approach. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 123, No. 2, American Society of Civil Engineers. Melville, B. W., and Coleman, S. E. (2000). Bridge Scour. Water Resources Publications. Miller, M. C., McCave, I. N., and Komar, P. D. (1977). Threshold of sed- iment motion under unidirectional currents. Sedimentology,Vol. 24, No. 4. Ministry of Works and Development (1979). Code of Practice for the Design of Bridge Waterways. Civil Division Publication 705/C, Ministry of Works and Development, Wellington, New Zealand. Molinas, A., Kheireldin, K., and Wu B. (1998a). Shear stress around ver- tical wall abutments. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 124, No. 8, American Society of Civil Engineers. Molinas, A., Reiad, N. G. Y., and Jones, S. (1998b). Effect of cohesion on abutment scour. Proc., Conference on Water Resources Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers. Molls, T., Chaudhry, M. H., Khan, K. W. (1995). Numerical simulation of two-dimensional flow near a spur-dike. Advances in Water Resources, Vol. 18, No. 4. Morales, R. (2006). Large-Scale Hydraulic Model of Riprap-Apron Per- formance at a Bridge Abutment on a Floodplain. M.S. thesis, Uni- versity of Iowa, Iowa City. Muneta, N., and Shimizu, Y. (1994). Numerical analysis model with spur-dike considering the vertical flow velocity distribution. Proc., Japan Society of Civil Engineering, Pt. 2-2. Neill, C. R. (1967). Mean velocity criterion for scour of coarse uniform bed material. Proc., 12th International Association of Hydraulic Research Congress, Vol. 3. Neill, C. R. (1973). Guide to Bridge Hydraulics. Roads and Transporta- tion Association of Canada, University of Toronto Press. Neill, C. R. (1976). Scour holes in a wandering gravel river. Proc., Sym- posium on Inland Waterways for Navigation, Flood Control, and Water Diversions, 3rd Annual Conference of American Society of Civil Engineers Waterways, Harbors and Coastal Engineering Division. Novak, P. (1955). Study of stilling basins with special reference to their end sills. Proc., 6th Congress of the International Association of Hydraulic Research, Vol. 3. Novak, P. (1961). Influence of bed load passage on scour and turbulence downstream of a stilling basin. Proc., 9th Congress of the Interna- tional Association of Hydraulic Research. 214
Odgaard, A. J. (1988). Construction and Evaluation of Submerged Vanes for Stream Control. IIHR Report 321, University of Iowa, Iowa City. Odgaard, A. J., and Kennedy, J. F. (1982). Analysis of Sacramento River Bend Flows, and Development of a New Method for Bank Protection. IIHR Report 328, University of Iowa, Iowa City. Odgaard, A. J., and Kennedy, J. F. (1983). River-bend bank protection by submerged vanes. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 109, No. 8, American Society of Civil Engineers. Odgaard, A. J., and Lee, H. Y. E. (1984). Submerged Vanes for Flow Con- trol and Bank Protection in Streams. IIHR Report 279, University of Iowa, Iowa City. Odgaard, A. J., and Mosconi, C. E. (1987). Streambank protection by submerged vanes. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 113, No. 4, American Society of Civil Engineers. Odgaard, A. J., and Wang, Y. (1987). Scour prevention at bridge piers, Hydraulic Engineering, Proc., 1987 National Conference, American Society of Civil Engineers, Hydraulics Division. Odgaard, A. J., and Wang,Y. (1990a). Hydraulic-Laboratory Model Study of River Intake at Duane Arnold Energy Center. IIHR Limited Dis- tribution Report 177, University of Iowa, Iowa City. Odgaard, A. J., and Wang, Y. (1990b). Sediment Control in Bridge Water- ways. IIHR Report 336, University of Iowa, Iowa City. Odgaard, A. J., and Wang, Y. (1991). Sediment management with sub- merged vanes. I: theory. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 117, No. 3, American Society of Civil Engineers. Okada, K., Muraishi, H., and Kunihiro, T. (1989). Statistical judgement about stability of protection against scour around pier. Proc., Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Pt. 6-10. Pagan-Ortiz, J. E. (1991). Stability of Rock Riprap for Protection at the Toe of Abutments Located at the Flood Plain, Report FHWA-RD-91-057, Federal Highway Administration. Parker, G., Toro-Escobar, C., and Voigt Jr., R. L. (1998). Countermeasures to Protect Bridge Piers from Scour, unpublished final report for NCHRP Project 24-7, Transportation Research Board. Parola, A. C. (1993). Stability of riprap at bridge piers. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 119, No. 10, American Society of Civil Engineers. Peterka, A. J. (1984). Hydraulic Design of Stilling Basins and Energy Dissipaters, Engineering Monograph 25, U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation. Pilarczyk, K. W. (1990). Coastal Protection, Proc., Short Course on Coastal Protection, Delft University of Technology, Balkema, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Pilarczyk, K. (editor) (1998). Dikes and Revetments. A. A. Balkema (pub- lisher), the Netherlands. Pilarczyk, K. W. (2000). Geomattresses in Erosion ControlâAn Overview of Design Criteria. In Filters and Drainage in Geotechni- cal and Environmental Engineering, A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam. Pzedwojski, B., Blazejewski, R. and Pilarczyk, K. W. (1995). River Train- ing Techniques. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Rajaratnam, N., and Nwachukwu, B. A. (1983a). Flow near groin-like structures. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 109, No. 3, Amer- ican Society of Civil Engineers. Raudkivi, A. J. (1998). Loose Boundary Hydraulics. A. A. Balkema, Rot- terdam, the Netherlands. Ray, R. (1977). A Laboratory Study of the Stability of Sand-Filled Nylon Bag Breakwater Structures. U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi. Richardson, E. V., and Davis, S. R. (1995). Evaluating Scour at Bridges. Report FHWA-IP-90-017, Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18, Third Edition, Office of Technology Applications, HTA-22, Federal Highway Administration. Richardson, E. V., Harrison, L. J., and Davis, S. R. (1991). Evaluating Scour at Bridges. Report FHWA-IP-90-017, Highway Engineering Circular 18, Federal Highway Administration. Richardson, J. R., and Richardson, E. V. (1993a). Discussion of local scour at bridge abutments, by B.W. Melville. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 119, No. 9, American Society of Civil Engineers. Richardson, J. R., and Richardson, E. V. (1993b). The fallacy of local abutment scour equations. Proc., Conference on Hydraulic Engi- neering, American Society of Civil Engineers. Richardson, J. R., and Richardson, E. V. (1993c). Determining contrac- tion scour. In: Stream Stability and Scour at Highway Bridges, American Society of Civil Engineers. Richardson, J. R., and Roberts, D. L. (1998). Non-structural method to reduce local pier scour. Proc., 1998 International Water Resources Engineering Conference, Part 1 (of 2), American Society of Civil Engineers. Richardson, E. V., and Simons, D. B. (1984). Use of spurs and guide- banks for highway crossings. Transportation Research Record 950: Second Bridge Engineering Conference, Vol. 2, Transportation Research Board. Richardson, E. V., Simons, D. B., and Julien, P. Y. (1990). Highways in the River Environment: Participant Notebook. Report FHWA/HI-90- 016. Federal Highway Administration. Ruff, J. F., Fotherby, L. M., and Burns, R. S. (1995). Bridge pier scour pro- tection using Toskanes. Proc., 1st International Conference on Water Resources, Part 2 (of 2), American Society of Civil Engineers. Shields, A. (1936). Applications of similarity principles and turbulence research to bed load movements. Mitteilungen der Preuss Versuch- sanstalt fur Wasserbau und Schiffbau, Berlin, Heft 26. Shields Jr., F. D., Cooper, C. M., and Knight, S. S. (1995a). Experiment in stream restoration. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 121, No. 6, American Society of Civil Engineers. Shields Jr., F. D., Cooper, C. M., and Testa III, S. (1995b). Towards greener riprap: Environmental considerations from microscale to macroscale. In: River, Coastal and Shoreline Protection Using Riprap and Armourstone, C. R. Thorne, S. R. Abt, F. B. J. Barends, S. T. Maynord, and K. W. Pilarczyk (editors), John Wiley, New York. Shields Jr., F. D., Knight, S. S., and Cooper, C. M. (1995c). Rehabilitation of watersheds with incising channels. Water Resources Bulletin, Vol. 31, No. 6. Simons, D. B., and Lewis, G. L. (1971). Flood Protection at Bridge Crossings. Colorado State University Civil Engineering Report CER71-72DBS- GL10. Report prepared for the Wyoming State Highway Department in conjunction with the U.S. Department of Transportation. Simons, D. B., and Senturk, F. (1977). Sediment Transport Technology: Water and Sediment Dynamics. Water Resources Publications, Lit- tleton, Colorado. Smart, G. M. (1990). Riprap Scour Protection: Practices for New Zealand Roads. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) Hydrology Centre, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand. Smith, C. D. (1984). Scour control at Outlook BridgeâA case study. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 4. Soliman, M. M., Attia, K. M., Kotb, M. M., Talaat, A. M., and Ahmed, A. F. (1997). Spur dike effects on the river Nile morphology after high Aswan dam. Proc., Congress of the International Association of Hydraulic Research, Part A. Spring, F. J. E. (1903). River Training and Control of the Guide Bank Sys- tem. Technical Paper 153, Railway Board, Government of India, New Delhi. 215
Strom, H. G. (1962). River Improvement and Drainage in New Zealand and Australia. State Rivers and Water Supply Commission, Victo- ria, Australia. Sturm, T. W., and Chrisochoides, A. (1998a). Abutment scour in compound channels for variable setbacks. Proc., Conference on Water Resources Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers. Sturm, T. W., and Chrisochoides, A. (1998b). One-dimensional and two-dimensional estimates of abutment scour prediction variables. Transportation Research Record 1647: General Design and Roadside Safety Features, Transportation Research Board. Sturm, T. W., and Janjua, N. S. (1993). Bridge abutment scour in a floodplain. Proc., Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers. Suzuki, K., Michiue, M., and Hinokidani, O. (1987). Local bed form around a series of spur dikes in alluvial channel. Proc., 22nd Con- gress of the International Association of Hydraulic Research. Terzaghi, K., and Peck, R. B. (1958). Soil Mechanics in Engineering Prac- tice, 10th edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York. Tey, C. B. (1984). Local Scour at Bridge Abutments. M.E. thesis, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Auckland, New Zealand. Thorne, C. R., Abt, S. R., and Maynord, S. T. (1995). Prediction of near- bank velocity and scour depth in meander bends for design of riprap revetments. In: River, Coastal and Shoreline Protection: Erosion Control Using Riprap and Armourstone,C.R.Thorne,S.R.Abt,F.B. J.Barends, S. T. Maynord, and K. W. Pilarczyk (editors), Wiley, New York. Tominaga, A., Nagao, M., and Nezu, I. (1997). Flow structures and mix- ing processes around porous and submerged spur dikes. Proc., 27th Congress of the International Association of Hydraulic Research, Part B-1, International Association of Hydraulic Research. United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (1953). River Training and Bank Protection. Flood Control Series 4, Bangkok. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1994). Engineering and Designâ Hydraulic Design of Flood Control Channels, Report EM 1110-2- 1601, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Van Ballegooy, S. (2005). Bridge Abutment Scour Countermeasures, Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the University of Auckland, New Zealand. Vanoni, V. A. (1977) Sedimentation Engineering, Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice 54, American Society of Civil Engineers. Van Rijn, L. C. (1984). Sediment transport, Part III: Bed forms and allu- vial roughness. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 110, No. 12, American Society of Civil Engineers. Wong, W. H. (1982). Scour at Bridge Abutments. M.E. thesis, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Auckland, New Zealand. Wu, X., Lim, S. Y (1993). Prediction of maximum scour depth at spur dikes with adaptive neural networks. Civil-Comp93, Part 3: Neural Networks and Combinatorial Optimization in Civil and Structural Engineering. Civil-Comp Press, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Yalin, M. S. (1992). River Mechanics. Pergamon Press, New York. Zhang, Y., and Du, X. (1997). Limited scour around spur dike and the evaluation of its depth. Journal of Xiâan Highway Transportation University, Vol. 17, No. 4. 216
