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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Procedures for Verification and Validation of Computer Simulations Used for Roadside Safety Applications. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/17647.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Procedures for Verification and Validation of Computer Simulations Used for Roadside Safety Applications. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/17647.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Procedures for Verification and Validation of Computer Simulations Used for Roadside Safety Applications. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/17647.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Procedures for Verification and Validation of Computer Simulations Used for Roadside Safety Applications. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/17647.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Procedures for Verification and Validation of Computer Simulations Used for Roadside Safety Applications. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/17647.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Procedures for Verification and Validation of Computer Simulations Used for Roadside Safety Applications. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/17647.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Procedures for Verification and Validation of Computer Simulations Used for Roadside Safety Applications. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/17647.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Procedures for Verification and Validation of Computer Simulations Used for Roadside Safety Applications. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/17647.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Procedures for Verification and Validation of Computer Simulations Used for Roadside Safety Applications. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/17647.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Procedures for Verification and Validation of Computer Simulations Used for Roadside Safety Applications. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/17647.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Procedures for Verification and Validation of Computer Simulations Used for Roadside Safety Applications. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/17647.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Procedures for Verification and Validation of Computer Simulations Used for Roadside Safety Applications. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/17647.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Procedures for Verification and Validation of Computer Simulations Used for Roadside Safety Applications. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/17647.
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243 26 Plaxico, C.A., Kennedy, J.C. Jr., and Miele, C.R., “Analysis of Plastic Safety System’s CrashGard Sand Barrel System,” Final Report, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH (January 2007). 27 Basu, S., Haghighi, A., “Numerical Analysis of Roadside Design (NARD) vol. III: Validation Procedure Manual,” Report No. FHWA-RD-88-213, Federal Highway Administration, Virginia (1988). 28 Ray, M. H., and Hiranmayee, K., "Quantitative Evaluation of the Fidelity of Public-Domain Vehicle Models for Roadside Hardware Research," unpublished paper, (1998). 29 Tabiei, A., and Wu, J., “Validated Crash Simulation of the Most Common Guardrail System in the USA,” International Journal of Crashworthiness, Vol. 5, No. 2 (2000) pages 153 - 168. 30 Atahan, A.O., and Cansız, Ö.F., “Impact Analysis of a Vertical Flared Back Bridge Rail-to-Guardrail Transition Using Simulation,” Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, Vol. 41, No. 4 (2005) pp. 371-396. 31 Geers, T. L., “An Objective Error Measure for the Comparison of Calculated and Measured Transient Response Histories,” The Shock and Vibration Bulletin Part 2 – Ship Shock, shock and Blast and Ground Shock, The shock and vibration center at Naval Research Laboratory, Washington D.C. (June 1984). 32 Schwer, L. E., "Validation Metrics for Response Histories: Perspectives and Case Studies," Engineering with Computers, Vol. 23, No. 4 (Special issue in Verification and Validation) (2007) pp. 295 - 309, Springer-Verlag, London, UK. 33 Russell, D. M., “Error Measures for Comparing Transient Data: part I: Development of a Comprehensive Error Measure,” In Proceedings of the 68th shock and vibration symposium, Hunt Valley, MD (1997) pp 175–184. 34 Shin, Y. S., and Schneider, N., “Ship Shock Trial Simulation of USS Winston S. Churchill (DDG81): Modeling and Simulation Strategy and Surrounding Fluid Volume Effects,” In Proceedings of the 74th Shock and Vibration Symposium, San Diego CA (27-31 October, 2003). 35 Ray, M. H., "Repeatability of Full-Scale Crash Tests and a Criteria for Validating Finite Element Simulations," Transportation Research Record No. 1528, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. (1996). 36 Oberkampf, W. L., and Barone, M. F., “Measures of Agreement Between Computation and Experiment: Validation Metrics,” Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 217, No. 1 (Special issue: Uncertainty quantification in simulation science) (2006) pp 5–36. 37 Bayarri, M. J., Berger, J. O., Kennedy, M. C., Kottas, A., Paolo, R., and Sacks, J., “Bayesian Validation of a Computer Model for Vehicle Crashworthiness”, Technical Report 163, National Institute of Statistical Sciences, (July 23, 2005).

244 38 Mahadevan, S., and Rebba, R., “Validation of Reliability Computational Models Using Bayesian Networks,” Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Vol. 87, No. 5 (2005) pp. 223-232. 39 Favarelli, L., “Stochastic Finite Elements for Crash Problems,” Structural Safety, Vol. 8, No. 1-4 (July 1990) pp. 113–130. 40 Patzner, G.S., Plaxico, C.A., and Ray, M.H., “Effects of Post and Soil Strength on Performance of Modified Eccentric Loader Breakaway Cable Terminal,” Transportation Research Record 1690, Transportation Research Board, Washington D.C. (1999). 41 Ray, M.H., and Silvestri, C., “Development of a Finite Element Model of the Knee-Thigh-Hip of a 50th Percentile Male Including Ligaments and Muscles,” International Journal of Crashworthiness, (pending) (2007). 42 Ray, M.H., Hiranmayee, K., and Kirkpatrick, S., "Performance Validation of two Side Impact Dummies," International Journal of Crashworthiness, Vol. 4, No. 3 (1999) pp. 287-303, Woodhead Publishing Limited, London, UK. 43 Anghileri, M., Mongiardini, M., “Round Robin Concrete Barrier,” Robust Document No. ROBUST-05-012, Politecnico di Milano, October 2005. 44 Brown, C. M., “Ford Festiva Center Impacts with a Narrow Fixed Object (Rigid Pole),” Report FHWA-RD-95-040, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (1995). 45 Orengo, F., Ray M. H., and Plaxico, C. A., “Modeling Tire Blow-out in Roadside Hardware Simulations Using LSDYNA,” In Proceedings IMECE’03, 203 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Paper IMECE2003-44057 (November 2003). 46 Wright, A. E., and Ray, M. H., “Characterizing Guardrail Steel for LSDYNA3D Simulations,” Transportation Research Record No. 1528, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. (1996) pp 138-145. 47 Gentry, T.R., and Bank, L.C., “Finite-Element Modeling and Model Verification of Steel W-Beam Guardrails Subject to Pendulum Impact Loading,” Transportation Research Record 1647, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. (1998). 48 Tabiei, A., “Experimental and Numerical Simulation of the Use of Fiber Reinforced Composite Materials for Roadside Safety Applications,” Publication no FHWA-RD-96-026, US Department of Transportation, McLean, VA, (1997). 49 Eskandarian, A., Marzougui, D., and Bedewi, N. E., "Finite Element Model and Validation of a Surrogate Crash Test Vehicle for Impacts with Roadside Objects," International Journal of Crashworthiness, Vol. 2, No. 3 (1997) pp. 239 - 258. 50 Langseth, M., Hopperstad, O. S., and Berstad, T., “Crashworthiness of Aluminum Extrusions: Validation of Numerical Simulation, Effect of Mass Ratio and Impact

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246 63 Miele, C. R., Plaxico, C. A., Kennedy, J. C., Simunovic, S., and Zis, N., “Heavy Vehicle Infrastructure Asset Interaction and Collision,” Cooperative Agreement No. DTFH61-03-X-00030, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C. (September 2005). 64 Haufe, A., Du Bois, P. A., Kolling, S., and Feucht, M, "On the Development, Verification and Validation of a Semi-Analytical Model for Polymers Subjected to Dynamic Loading," In Proceedings of the International Conference on Adaptive Modeling and Simulation, ADMOS, Barcelona, Spain (2005). 65 Wood, P. K., Schley, C. A., Kenny, S., and Dutton, T., "Validating Material Information for Stochastic Crash Simulation Part 1 - Quasi static properties," In Proceedings of the 5th European LSDYNA Conference, Birmingham, UK (2005). 66 Dietemberger, M., Büyük, M., and Kan, C.D., "Development of a High Strain- Rate Dependent Vehicle Model," In Proceedings of the 4th LSDYNA Forum, Bamberg, Germany (2005). 67 Gerhard, S., Gavin, V., and Virenda, C., "Model Material Validation of a High Efficiency Energy Absorbing Foam," In Proceedings of the 5th German LSDYNA Forum, Ulm, Germany (2006). 68 Blankenhorn, G., Muller, I., Siebert, A., and Schweizerhof, K., "On the Numerical Analysis of a Carillion Bell Using LSDYNA with a Specific View on Model Validation," In Proceedings of the 5th German LSDYNA Forum, Ulm, Germany (2006). 69 Walker, B., “A New Generation of Crash Barrier Models for LSDYNA,” In Proceedings of the 9th International LSDYNA Users Conference, Dearborn, Michigan (2006). 70 Wood, P. K., Buckley, M., Walker, B., and Dutton, T., "Validating Dynamic Tensile Mechanical Properties of Sheet Steels for Automotive Crash Applications," In Proceedings of the 6th European LSDYNA Conference, Gothenburg, Sweden (2006). 71 Sheikh, N.M., Bligh, R.P., Bullard, D.L., Buth, C.E., Alberson, D.C., Abu-Odeh, A.Y., and Ross, H.E. Jr., “Development of an Energy Absorbing End Terminal for Open Box Beam Guardrail,” In Proceedings of the 9th International LSDYNA Users Conference, Dearborn, Michigan (2006). 72 Shoukry, S. N., and Fahmy, M., “Validation of 3D FE Analysis of Rigid Pavement Dynamic Response to Moving Traffic and Nonlinear Temperature Gradient Effects,” International Journal of Geomechanical Engineering, Vol. 7, No. 1 (January/February 2007) pp. 16-24. 73 Horstemeyer, M. F., Li, H., Siervogel, J., Kwasniewski, L., Wekezer, J. W., Christian, B., and Roufa, G., "Material Characterization and Connection Testing for Crash Analysis of Paratransit Buses,” International Journal of

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TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Web Only Document 179: Procedures for Verification and Validation of Computer Simulations Used for Roadside Safety Applications explores verification and validation procedures, quantifiable evaluation metrics, and acceptance criteria for roadside safety research that maximize the accuracy and utility of using finite element simulations.

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