Index
A
Activity median thermodynamic diameter, 32-33, 40, 41-42, 45, 49, 108, 139, 215, 224
Adenocarcinomas, 172, 173, 179, 184, 187, 189
Aerosols, 2, 21, 32-33, 90-131
characteristics, 32-33, 72, 142-143
penetration, 92-93
see also Clearance;
Deposition;
Diffusion;
Particle size
Age factors, 1, 2-4, 12, 14, 16, 34, 42-43, 53, 54, 63, 72, 113, 148, 204, 230, 233
cancer and, 53, 55-56, 175, 177, 188
disease effects, 154
see also Children;
Infants
Airway diseases
allergies, 151
bronchitis, 2, 45, 46, 49, 152, 153, 154, 155, 183, 196, 232, 233
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 153
Allergies, 151
Alpha radiation, 1, 3-4, 6, 9, 15, 26-27, 106, 137, 166-189
age and susceptibility, 54
cell-level dose, 56, 166, 186, 194-195
dosimetry, general, 1, 3-4, 6, 14, 166, 186
Altitude, 157
Alveoli, 38, 72, 76, 77, 139, 146-147, 148, 149, 152-153, 154, 167-168, 170, 172, 189, 202, 208
AMAD, 108-109
Anatomical factors, 144, 147-148, 157
deposition, 6, 138, 141, 144, 147-148
see also Morphometry;
specific anatomical systems
Animal studies, 6, 54, 55-56, 137, 154, 155, 157, 189, 223-224
Automated tape samplers, 115-116
B
Basal cells, 2, 3, 6, 35, 37, 41, 43, 45, 46, 48, 50, 166, 167, 181-184, 194-195, 197, 198, 231
carcinogenesis, 166, 167, 181-184
thoron, 50
BEIR IV report, 4, 5, 14, 16, 17, 31, 32, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57
Belgium, 110-113
Benzo[a]pyrene, 55
Biological processes, general, 52
Bismuth, 61, 104, 124, 126-128, 130, 205, 224
Breathing patterns, 1, 6, 77, 137, 138, 140, 144, 148-149, 208, 214, 218-219
altitude factors, 157
ethnic differences, 156
physical activity and, 2, 12, 13, 149-150, 151, 227, 230, 231, 233
see also Nasal processes;
Oral processes
Bronchi, 3, 6, 28, 54, 79, 80, 148, 168, 203, 206
adult females, 42-43
cellular pathology of cancer, 167, 172, 180, 181, 184, 185, 186, 189, 223
epithelium, 35-37, 43, 46-48, 145, 157, 168, 170, 175, 181, 183, 184, 186, 189, 194-197, 199, 234
morphometry, 67-71, 73, 75, 200, 202, 204, 211
particle deposition, 1, 6, 20, 38-39, 47-48, 73-74, 77, 145-146, 148, 152, 195, 200, 206-207, 208, 211, 212-213, 218
stem cells, 6-7
target cells, 35-38, 42, 189, 227-230, 234
Bronchioles, 37, 38, 67, 71, 72, 145, 148, 168, 181, 184, 185, 198-201, 204, 206, 212
Bronchitis, 2, 45, 46, 49, 152, 153, 154, 155, 183, 196, 232, 233
C
Carbon tetrachloride, 56
Carcinogenesis and carcinogens, 2, 5-6, 31, 52
basal cells, 166, 167, 181-184
bronchial cells, 167, 172, 180, 181, 184, 185, 186, 189, 223
classification, carcinomas, 172-173, 175-176
epidemiological data, 1, 11-12, 56, 169, 176, 186-188
epithelia, 168, 169-170, 175, 181-183, 189, 194, 233
hyperplasia, 46-47, 48, 49, 53-56, 233, 234
mucosal processes, 168, 181-182, 186
other than radon, 1, 12, 15, 26
secretory cells, 166, 167, 172, 181, 183, 184, 186, 189
skin, 54
smoking, 169, 170, 174, 175, 176, 177, 185-188
see also Hyperplasia;
Lung cancer;
specific carcinomas
Cells and cellular processes, 38, 166-189
alpha dosimetry, cell level, 56, 166, 186, 194-195
basal cells, 2, 3, 6, 35, 37, 41, 43, 45, 46, 48, 50, 166, 167, 181-184, 194-195, 197, 198, 231
bronchi, carcinogenesis, 167, 172, 180, 181, 184, 185, 186, 189, 223
hyperplasia, 46-47, 48, 49, 53-56, 233, 234
lung cancer, cells of origin, 56, 166-189
proliferation, 53-55, 175, 180-182, 189
smoking and cellular carcinogenesis, 169, 170, 174, 175, 176, 177, 185-188
stem cells, 6-7
target cells, 15, 25, 31, 32, 35-38, 39, 42, 43, 49, 166, 189, 194-195, 198, 227-230, 234
see also Secretory cells and processes
Children, 2, 3-4, 14, 35, 43-44, 45, 46, 148, 201, 202, 204, 228;
see also Infants
Chemical processes, unattached fraction, 24-25
Chromosomes, 178-180
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 153
Cilia, 46-47, 67, 78, 79, 138, 144, 145, 147, 168, 181, 182, 195, 196, 203
''A Citizen's Guide to Radon,'' 10
Classification, carcinomas, 172-173, 175-176
Clearance, respiratory tract, 73, 137, 138, 144-147, 148, 151, 227-230
coughing, 147
mucus, 15, 35, 46, 78-80, 145-146, 202-203, 205, 206, 227
preexisting conditions, 152-155
trachea, 79, 80, 146, 151, 195, 203
Clusters, particles, 24-25, 92, 116, 125, 126
Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation, see BEIR IV report
Concentration levels, 15-16, 20, 26, 90-131
diffusion, 95-96, 101-102, 109-110
wire screen samplers, 25, 27, 94, 95, 96-100, 102-107, 110-124
Cost factors, mitigation, 11, 14
Coughing, 147
D
Decay, radioactive, 9, 10, 26, 61, 62, 63, 64, 101, 110, 122, 194, 199, 203
Department of Energy, 194
Deposition, respiratory tract, 3, 6, 72, 137-144, 147-155
anatomical factors, general, 6, 138, 141, 144, 147-148
bronchial, 1, 6, 20, 38-39, 47-48, 73-74, 77, 145-146, 148, 152, 195, 200, 206-207, 208, 211, 212-213, 218
diffusional, 73, 76, 90, 138, 139, 140, 141, 144, 149, 208, 210
electrostatic, 24, 25, 138, 141
in equations, 94, 207-212, 215, 216, 220, 222
gravitational sedimentation, 74, 76, 139-140, 144, 149, 209-210
historical perspectives, research, 137-138
impaction factors, 74, 76, 117, 149, 150, 151, 208, 210
inertial factors, 117, 138, 140, 145, 149, 150, 152
localized, 37-38, 76, 77, 81, 155
in lungs, 6, 137-144, 147-148, 149-157
models, 1, 14, 15, 24, 39, 66-67, 71, 72-77, 200, 207-215
nasal, 1, 3, 38, 39-40, 66-67, 72-73, 74, 149, 150-152, 216, 218-222
particle size and, 72-73, 75, 76, 138-143, 157, 212-215
preexisting conditions, 17, 152-155
theory, 39, 74, 76, 207, 209-210
tracheal, 6, 20, 73-74, 77, 148, 151, 154, 207, 212
see also Wiremesh screens
concentration levels and, 95-96, 101-102, 109-110
conversion coefficients, 24, 33, 90-92
deposition, diffusional, 73, 76, 90, 138, 139, 140, 141, 144, 149, 208, 210
samplers, 95-96, 101-102, 109-110, 118
through tubes, 92-93, 95, 101, 195
Disease, preexisting, 2, 6, 46-49, 148, 151, 152-155, 234
see also specific diseases
DNA, 31, 178, 179, 180-181, 195
Dose and dosimetry, 15-16, 31-57, 60-82
airway disease, general dose effects, 46-49, 180
alpha energy, general, 1, 3-4, 6, 14, 166, 186
cell-level, 56, 166, 186, 194-195
defined, 60
exposure and, 2-4, 5-6, 31-32, 34-35, 137, 225, 226-227, 228
historical perspectives, 24, 60-82
models, 1-4, 14, 15, 31-51, 60-82, 180, 194-202
risk assessment, extrapolation, 1, 4, 5, 12, 14, 31-57, 110, 137, 157
target cells, 194-195
thoron, 49-51, 54, 225-226, 228
E
Einstein-Cunningham constant, 91
Electricity and electrostatics, 24, 25, 32, 109, 113-114, 118-119, 138, 141
Environmental Protection Agency, 4, 10
Epidemiological data, 1, 5, 11, 12, 20, 32, 137, 155-157, 169, 173, 176, 177, 184, 186-188
cancer, 1, 11-12, 56, 169, 176, 186-188
historical perspectives, 11, 169, 176
see also Risk assessment
Epithelia, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 14, 53, 146, 198-199, 206, 234
bronchial, 35-37, 43, 46-48, 145, 157, 168, 170, 175, 181, 183, 184, 186, 189, 194-197, 199, 234
cancer pathology, 168, 169-170, 175, 181-183, 189, 194, 233
thoron uptake, 49-50
tracheal, 53, 145, 181, 182, 183
Equations, 51
particle deposition, 94, 207-212, 215, 216, 220, 222
particle diffusion, 24, 90-95, 208
particle growth, 143
radioactive decay, 21-22, 23, 205
smoking, 23
unattached fractions, 104-107, 114-115
working level month, 15, 22, 32, 223-227
Evaporation, 143
Exercise, see Physical activity
defined, 223-224
dose and, 2-4, 5-6, 31-32, 34-35, 137, 225, 226-227, 228
duration, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 55, 155-156, 186
indoor atmospheres, 12, 27-28, 32-33, 109-117, 130
mine atmospheres, 12, 26, 107-109
standards, 26
working level months, 15, 22, 32, 223-227
F
Formaldehyde, 56
Formulas, see Equations
Fractionation, 55
G
Gender differences, 1, 2-3, 4, 5, 12, 13, 15, 34, 42-43, 45, 46, 53, 148, 176, 184, 201-202, 228, 230, 233
Genetics, 54, 177, 178-180, 189
anatomy, 148
carcinogenesis, general, 54, 177, 178-180
DNA, 31, 178, 179, 180-181, 195
target cell damage, 31
Geometry
airway, 15, 35, 63, 156, 195, 196, 199-202, 203, 204
particle deposition, 66-67, 138, 195
see also Morphometry
Germany, Federal Republic, 11, 111-113, 118
Gravitational factors
impaction, 74, 76, 117, 149, 150, 151, 208, 210
sedimentation, 74, 76, 139-140, 144, 149, 209, 210
H
Historical perspectives, 9-11, 26
concentration measurement, 15
deposition of aerosols, research, 137-138
unattached fractionation, 15, 95, 105-109
Hygroscopicity, 7, 33, 143, 144
Hyperplasia, 46-47, 48, 53-56, 233, 234
I
Impaction, 74, 76, 117, 149, 150, 151, 208, 210
Inertia, 117, 138, 140, 145, 149, 150, 152
Infants, 2, 3-4, 14, 35, 43-44, 45, 46, 201, 204, 228;
see also Children
Injury, 53, 55-56, 174, 180, 186
Insulation, 33
International activities and perspectives, 11, 172
epidemiological investigations, 11, 12
measurement standards, 15
International Commission on Radiological Protection, 3-4, 14, 16, 17, 95-96, 101-102, 103, 105-106
J
Japan, atom bomb survivors, 53, 57
Joule-hours per cubic meter, 15
K
Kinetic theory, 91
L
Large cell undifferentiated carcinoma, 172, 173, 175-176, 184, 187
Lead, 49, 61, 104, 106, 110, 115, 126-128, 130, 203, 205, 206-207, 224
Localized deposition, 37-38, 75, 76, 77, 81, 155
Lung cancer, 1, 4, 6, 9, 11, 16, 72, 137
adenocarcinomas, 172, 173, 179, 184, 187, 189
age, growth, injury and, 53, 55-56, 175, 177, 188
gender differences, 53
genetics, general, 54, 177, 178-180
large cell undifferentiated carcinoma, 172, 173, 175-176, 184, 187
plutonium and, 56
small cell undifferentiated carcinoma, 171-172, 173, 175, 178-179, 183-184, 186-187, 188
squamous cell carcinoma, 170-171, 173, 174-175, 177, 179, 181-184, 186, 187, 188
Lungs, 215
clearance of aerosols, 79-80, 144-147, 157
deposition of aerosols, 6, 137-144, 147-148, 149-157
morphometry, 6, 68-69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 76, 147, 199-200, 201
volume, 138, 142, 144, 147-148, 149, 150, 151, 153, 156 199-200, 201, 202
M
Magnetic resonance imaging, 217, 218
Mass factors, particles, 142
Measurement and measurement techniques, 11, 24-25
changes, 20
diffusion sampler, 95-96, 101-102, 109-110, 118
international standards, 15
Joule-hours per cubic meter, 15
mucous clearance, 77-78
particle size, 90
radiolabeling, 78-80, 145, 149, 154
unattached fraction, 23-25, 26, 95-130
wire screen samplers, 25, 27, 94, 95, 96-100, 102-107, 110-124
working level months, 15, 22, 32, 223-227
see also Dose and dosimetry;
Equations;
Morphometry
Mitigation measures, cost of, 11, 14
Models and modeling
age factors, 54
airway, 15, 35, 64, 156, 195, 196, 199-202, 203, 204
deposition, 1, 14, 15, 24, 39, 66-67, 71, 72-77, 200, 207-215
dosimetric, 1-4, 14, 15, 24, 31-51, 60-82, 180, 194-202
historical perspectives, 24, 60-82
radon progeny behavior, indoor, 21
respiratory tract, 16, 61, 64, 71-82
time factors, 6, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 55, 60, 155-156, 186, 208
see also Animal studies;
Equations;
Risk assessment;
Theory
atmospheric, 25
hygroscopicity, 7, 33, 143, 144
Morphometry, 61-82
bronchial, 67-71, 73, 75, 200, 202, 204, 211
head airways, 63-67
lungs, 6, 68-69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 76, 147, 199-200, 201
oral processes, 66-67, 72-73, 74
particle size and, 72-76
respiratory tract, general, 61, 63, 67, 71-72
Mouth, see Oral processes
Mucus, 1, 7, 52, 54, 56, 65, 67, 152, 155, 195, 197
carcinogenesis, 168, 181-182, 186
clearance, 15, 35, 46, 78-80, 145-146, 202-203, 205, 206, 227
N
Nasal processes, 1, 2, 6, 38, 39-40, 43-44, 56, 215-223
deposition, 1, 3, 38, 39-40, 66, 72-73, 74, 149, 150-152, 216, 218-222
unattached fraction, 40, 218, 219
volume, 151
Nucleation theory, 24-25
O
Oral processes, 3, 6, 38, 39-40, 72, 142, 151-152, 215-223
deposition of particles, 72-73, 74, 216
P
Particle size, 1, 2, 6, 7, 20, 227-230, 231, 232
activity median thermodynamic diameter, 32-33, 40, 41-42, 45, 49, 108, 139, 215, 224
aerodynamic diameter, 139-143
behavior, aerodynamic, 21
clearance and, 144
clusters, particles, 24-25, 92, 116, 125, 126
deposition and, 72-73, 75, 76, 138-143, 157, 212-215
distributions, 12, 15, 25, 26, 27-28, 110, 117-130, 131, 142, 215
morphometry, 72-76
ultrafine particles, 16, 75, 76, 92, 94, 95, 139, 212
unattached fraction, 1, 2, 11, 12, 15, 23-25, 26, 32, 40, 55, 95-130, 169, 176, 218, 219, 230
Pharynx, 77, 142, 145, 149, 151
Physical activity, 2, 12, 13, 149-150, 151, 227, 230, 231, 233
Polonium, 9, 24, 25, 26, 56, 61, 96, 101-102, 103, 106, 110, 111, 113, 116, 118, 124-125, 128, 194-197, 199, 200, 203, 205, 216, 217, 218, 224
Preexisting conditions, 17, 152-155
see also Disease, preexisting;
Smoking
Pulmonary acinus, 72
R
Racial/ethnic factors, 148, 156
Radiolabeling, 73-74, 78-81, 145, 149, 154
Reading Prong Formation, 10
Regional deposition, 37-38, 77
Retention, of aerosols, 138, 144, 157;
see also Clearance
Respiratory tract, 6
aerosol growth, 2
morphometry, 61, 63, 67, 71-72
see also specific anatomical subsystems
Risk assessment, 3, 4, 11-12, 16-17, 166, 185
dosimetric extrapolation, 1, 4, 5, 12, 14, 31-57, 110, 137, 157
S
Sampling and samplers
diffusion, 95-96, 101-102, 109-110
wire screen samplers, 25, 27, 94, 95, 96-100, 102-107, 110-124
Secretory cells and processes, 2, 3, 6, 25, 37, 41, 42-43, 45, 46, 47, 77, 163, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 227, 229, 230
carcinogenesis, 166, 167, 172, 181, 183, 184, 186, 189
hyperplasia and, 46, 48, 233, 234
thoron, 50
see also Mucus
Sedimentation, gravitational, 74, 76, 139-140, 144, 149, 209, 210
Sex differences, see Gender differences
SIMPLEX algorithms, 118
Skin tumorigenesis, 54
Small cell undifferentiated carcinoma, 171-172, 173, 175, 178-179, 183-184, 186-187, 188
Smoking, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 12, 13, 15, 27, 28, 32, 45, 52, 56-57, 79, 128, 129, 130, 155, 196
cellular carcinogenesis and, 169, 170, 174, 175, 176, 177, 185-188
in equations, 23
Squamous cell carcinoma, 170-171, 173, 174-175, 177, 179, 181-184, 186, 187, 188
Standards, 11
carcinoma classification, 172-172, 175-176
exposure, 26
international, 15
wire screen samplers, 96
State-level action, 10
Stem cells, 6-7
Sulfur dioxide, 25
T
Target cells, 15, 25, 31, 32, 35-38, 39, 42, 43, 49, 166, 189, 194-195, 198, 227-230, 234
Temporal factors
exposure duration, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 55, 155-156, 186
tumor formation, 6
Testing and test methodology, see Measurement and measurement techniques
Thermal processes and effects, 212, 223
activity median thermodynamic diameter, 32-33, 40, 41-42, 45, 49, 108, 139, 215, 224
evaporation, 143
Theory, 194
deposition, 39, 74, 76, 207, 209-210
nucleation, 24-25
wire screen penetration, 96
Thoron, 49-51, 54, 225-226, 228
Time factors, see Temporal factors
Tissue damage, see Injury
Tobacco, see Smoking
Toxins, other than radon, 1, 12, 15, 25, 56
clearance, 79, 80, 146, 151, 195, 203
deposition, 6, 20, 73-74, 77, 148, 151, 154, 207, 212
epithelium, 53, 145, 181, 182, 183
morphometry, 67-71, 73, 75, 204
wounding, 55-56
Tubes, diffusion, 92-93, 95, 101, 195
U
Ultrafine particles, 16, 75, 76, 92, 94, 95, 139, 212
Unattached fraction, 1, 2, 12, 23-25, 26, 32, 55, 95-130, 230
in equations, 104-107, 114-115
measurement techniques, 23-25, 26, 95-130
Urethane, 56
V
alveolar, 208
lungs, 138, 142, 144, 147-148, 149, 150, 151, 153, 156, 199-200, 201, 202
nasal, 151
W
Wire screen samplers, 25, 27, 94, 95, 96-100, 102-107, 110-124
see also Gender differences
Working level month, 15, 223-227
World Health Organization, 172