Women Scientists in Industry and Government: How Much Progress in the 1970's?: an Interim Report to the Office of Science and Technology Policy (1980)

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

1977 SURVEY OF DOCTORATE RECIPIENTS APPENDIX A QUESTIONNAIREi No CONDUCTED BY THE NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL WITH THE SUPPORT OF THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION, THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES. AND THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH THE ACCOMPANYING LETTER requests your assistance m this biennial survey ol Ph.D -s in the humanities, sciences, and engineering PLEASE READ the instructions lor each question carelully and answer by printing your reply or checking the appropriate box PLEASE CHECK the pre-printed inlormation to be certain that it is correct and complete. PLEASE RETURN the completed lorm in the enclosed envelope to the Commission on Human Resources. JH 636. National Research Council. 2101 Constitution Avenue. N.W.. Washington, D.C 20418 NOTE: THIS INFORMATION IS SOLICITED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION ACT OF 1950. AS AMENDED ALL INFORMATION YOU PROVIDE WILL BE TREATED AS CONFIDENTIAL AND USED FOR STATISTICAL PURPOSES ONLY. INFORMATION WILL BE RELEASED ONLY IN THE FORM OF STATISTICAL SUMMARIES OR IN A FORM WHICH DOES NOT IDENTIFY INFORMATION ABOUT ANY PARTICULAR PERSON YOUR RESPONSE IS ENTIRELY VOLUNTARY AND YOUR FAILURE TO PROVIDE SOME OR ALL OF THE REQUESTED INFORMATION WILL IN NO WAY ADVERSELY AFFECT YOU II your name and address are incorrect, please en ter correct intormation above Include ZIP CODE II there is an alternate address through which you can always be reached, please provide it on the line below. , l10l Number Street City State ZIP Code l11l 1. Date ot Birth Mo Day Year ll2 16l 2. State or Foreign Country ot Birth l17-18l 3. Chlienship 0 D U S.A 1 D Non-U S.A.. Specily Country . l19l l2021l 1 D M ?D F l22l 5. What is your racial background? 0 LJ American Indian or Alaskan Native 1 LJ Asian or Pacitic Islander 2 D Black 3 C White Sa. Is your ethnic heritage Hispanic? 0 D Yes 1 L3 No l24l 6 List In the table below all collegiate and graduate degrees, excluding honorary degrees, that have been awarded to you. Please check the pre-prlnled Intormation. Including the number and name ot the specialty trom the llsI on page 4. to be certain that It is correct and complete. Type ot Granted Mo Yr Major Field lUse Specialties Listl Name Number Institution Name City lor Campusl 1 State Degree Bachelor-s Masters Doctorate Other lSpecilyl 7. What was your employment status as ot February 6-12. 1977? lCheck only one category ) Dt "::- nT Employed lull-time in lield ot Ph.D Employed tull time in lieid other than tield ot Ph.D. Employed part-time Were you seeKing lull time employment0 1 C Yes 2 C No l661 Postdoctoral appointment ltellowship, traineeship. research associateship, etc.l Unemployed and seeking employment D4 D5 De It you ware employed lull-time during February 6-12. 1977. in a tield other than your tield ot Ph.D.. what was the MOST Important reason tor taking the position? — . Preterred position outside Ph D held Promoted out ot position in Ph D tield Better pay - Locationai factors Position i n Ph D tield not available c Other, specity: Da L:4 Gs De l67l Not employed and not seeking employment Retired and not employed Other, specity . C7 D 8 l65l Il you checked 5. 6 or 7. ANSWER ONLY 8a. 9a. 13. 14 and 17 ot tne tollowing Questions 43

8. Which category below (MB. describes the type ol organization ol your principal employment OR postdoctoral appointment during February 6-12. 1977? (Cneck only one category } Business or industry LJ 1 r— Junior college 2-year college. technical mstitule Medical school 4 Year college University other than medical school Elemental or secondary school sysiem Private toundation Museum o« Historical society D3 D 4 D s C 6 D 7 D 8 Do Hospital or clinic U.S military service. active duty. or Commissioned Corps. eg.USPHS. NOAA US governmeni. civilian employee State government Local or other government. specity Non protit organization. other than those listed above Other. specity Research library or archives 8a Which ol the above categories best describes the type ol organization related to your tirst position tollowing the receipt ol your doctorate? (List only one categoryl Type Ol Organization (70711 What percent ol time did you devote to each ol the tollowing activities during the week ol February 6-12. 1(77? (Total should equal 100%i What were your primary (Al and secondary (Bl work activities? (Check only one in each column 1 Management or administration ot Research and development Other than research and development Both Basic research Applied research . Development.ot equipment products systems data Development ot humanities resource materials Design Teaching Writing editing Curatorial .. Production Consulting. specity Protessional services to individuals . Quality control. inspection testing Sates marketing purchasing estimating . Other specity . (10l — 02l _ (14l (16l (18l (20i (22l (24l _(26l _ (28l (30l _ (32l (34l _(36l (38l (40l _ 142l Total = 100% 9a Which ol the above categories best describes the primary work activity related to your llrst position lollowlng the receipt ol your doctorate? Primary Work Activity 148-491 10 From the Degree and Employment Specialties List on page 4 select and enter both the number and title ol the employment specialty most closely related to your principal employment or postdoctoral appoint- ment during the week ol February 6-12. 1977 Write in your specialty il it is not on the list. irk Activity Number -1- < 11. Please give the name ot your principal employer (organization.company. etc. or. it selt employed. write "sell"l. and actual place ol employment as ol the week ol February 6-12. 1977. Name ot Employer (5358l Title ot Employment Specialty (50521 Number Street City State ZlP Code 159631 12 What was the basic annual salary* associeted with your principal prolesslonal employment during the week ol February 6-12. 1977? ll you were on a postdoctoral appointment (e.g.. tellowship. trainoeshlp. research assoclateshipl. what was your annual stipend plus allowances? $ per year (64-66l 'NOTE Basic annual salary is your annual salary betore deductions tor income tax. social security. retirement. etc . but does not include bonuses. overtime summer teaching or other payment lor protessional work lF ACADEMlCALLY EMPLOYED a Check whether salary was tor . !910monthsor C 11-12months (67l b Did you hold a tenureo position during February 6-12. 1977' 0 D Yes 1 C No (681 lt Yes what yeal was tenure granted' _ c What was the rank ot youc position' (Check only one l (6970l 1 __ Protessor 2 = Associate Protessor 3 ~-. Assistant protessor d What it any. administrative position did you hold7 1 .— Dean 2 . Department Chairman 3 .— President or Chancellor 4 i—1 lnstructor 5 i—. Lecturer 6 LJ Other specily (711 4 i—'• Vice-President or Vice-Chancellor 5 Cj Other. specity 6 i—I Does not apply (721 44

13 How many lull time equivalent years ot prolessional work experience. including leaching. have you had? . . Yearlsl (73-74l 14 Following completion ot your doctorate have you ever held • tellowship. traineeship. or research associateship? 0 C Yes 1 G No (751 15. Listed below are selected topics ot national interest. it you devoted a proporlion ol your prolessional lima which you considered signiticant to any ot these problem areas during the week ot February 6-12.1977. please check the box tor the one on which you spent the MOST time. 1 L_ Heaim 2 -—i Detense 3 1 Environmental protection. pollution control 4 EZ Education 5 G Space 6 Q Crime prevention and control 7 D Energy and tuel 8 G Food and other agricultural products 9 G Natural resources.other than tuel or tood 10 Q Community development and services 11 LJ Housing (planning. design. constructionl 12 Q Transportation. communications 13 G Cultural lite 14 G Other area. specity: 15 G Does not apply (10-11l 16. Was any ol your work in the week o! February 6-12. 0 G Yes 1 G No n Yes. which ot the tollowing tederal agencies or departi 13 G Agency tor international Development 14 i_j Energy Research & Development Administration 15 L-t Environmental Protection Agency 16 - National Aeronautics & Space Administration 17 i ; National Endowment tor lhe Arts 18 ^— National Endowment lor the Humanities 19 G National Science Foundation 20 .— Nuclear Regulatory Commission 21 G Smithsonian lnstitution 22 I . Department ot Agriculture 23 L_ Department ol Commerce 24 .— Department ol Detense 1977 supported or sponsored by U.S. Government tunds? 2 G Don't know (121 nents were supporting the work? (Check all that apply.l Department ot Health. Education. and Weltare 25 G National lnstitutes ot Health 26 G Alcohol. Drug Abuse & Mental Health Administration 27 G National lnstitute ot Education 28 G Ottice ot Education 29 Q Other. specity: 30 G Department ot Housing and Urban Development 31 G Department ot the interior 32 G Department ot Justice 33 G Department ot Labor 34 G Department ot State 35 G Department ot Transportation 36 Q Other agency or department. specity 37 G Don't know source agency 17. lt you received your doctoral degree in science or engineering or are employed as a scientist or engineer. please check all that apply below — iai Changed positions during the period 1973 to 1976 !— (Pi Received doctoral degree in 1965 or later and employed sometime since receiving your doctoral degree in industry. government. or as non-taculty academic statt -— (cl Held a postdoctoral appointment any year during 1970-1976 inclusive G id: None ot the above apply (38-41l it you have checked a. b. or c. please give a briet career history starting with the position prior to your present position and continuing back in time tor a maximum ot tour positions atter receiving your doctoral degree (include postdoctoral appointmentsl. Name and Location (City and Slain ol Employe' Pesition Titlt Dale-. Primary Work Activity Employment Specialty (Use Degree & Employ- ment Specialties Listl Raason (or LMving 1 H*ld Pesition 2 3 4 lai Or the 30 vans described above as well as your present position. please check any in which your doctoral training was/is not being used '.— Position 1 i— Posmon 2 G Position 3 Q Position 4 Q Present Position C None (74 79l 45

DEGREE AND EMPLOYMENT SPEClALTlES LlST MATHEMATlCAL SClENCES ENGlNEERlNG PSYCHOLOGY 000 Algebra 400 600 Cimicai 410 Agricultural Biomedical 610 620 Counseling & Guidance 020 Geometry 415 Developmental & Gerontoiogical 030 040 Logic 420 430 Civ. I Chemical 630 635 - Education Oil Probability 435 Ceramic 641 Expenmentet IKS Math. M.. si • i (sM also 544. 670. 725. 7291 440 Electrical 642 Comparative 060 Topology 445 Electronics 643 Physiological 082 Operations Research (see also 478l 450 lndustrial & Manutacturing 650 - industrial & Personnel 085 Applied Mathemaitcs 455 Nuclear MO Personality 089 670 680 Psychometr ics (see also 055. 544. 725. Social 729 i 091 Physical Mathematics 465 Engineering Physics 098 Mathematics. General 470 Mechanical 698 Psychology. General 099 Mathematics. Other* 475 Metallurgy & Phys Met Engr 699 Psychology. Other* 476 Systems Design & Systems Science COMPUTER SClENCES (see also 072. 073 0741 SOClAL SClENCES 071 072 073 Theory Sottware Systems 479 480 486 Fuel Technology & Petrol Engr Sanitary & Environmental Mining 700 7O3 Anthropology 074 079 497 498 499 Materials Science Engr Engineering General 708 Archeology lntelligent Systems Computer Sciences. Other 709 710 Linguistics Sociology 1 720 Economics (see also 501 l PHYSlCS f. ASTRONOMY AGRlCULTURAL SClENCES 725 729 Econometrics (see also 055. 544. 670. 729l Social Statistics (see also 055. 544. 670. 725l 101 ' Astronomy 74O Geography 102 Astrophysics 500 501 502 504 Agronomy Agricultural Economics Animal Husbandry Fish & Wildhte Forestry 746 751 Area Studies* Political Science Public Administration lnternational Relations Urban & Regional Planning 1 10 130 130 133 Atomic & Moleculer Physics E iectromagnetism Mechanics AcOustics 505 752 755 770 1 34 F luids 506 Horticulture 775 History & Philosophy ot Science 135 136 Plasma Physics Optics Thermal Physics 507 510 511 Soils & Soil Science Animal Science & Animal Nutrition 798 799 Social Sciences. General Social Sciences. Other* 138 517 140 150 Elementary Particles Nuclear Structure (see also 573i HUMANlTlES 160 198 Solid State Physics. General 518 519 Agriculture. General Agriculture. Other* 802 History & Criticism ot Art History. Americen 804 1M Physics. Other * 805 History. European MEDlCAL SClENCES 806 History Other* CHEMlSTRY 520 522 Medicine & Surgery 808 - American Studies 830 MusK 200 210 Analytical 523 Veterinary Medicine 833 834 Speech as a Dramatic Art (see also 885l Religion (see also 881 l lnorganic 524 P • OsOP y 215 Synthetic inorganic & Organometaiiic 526 836 220 225 Organic 527 Paresitoiogy 878 Human. ties. General 230 Nuclear 528 Environmental Health 879 Humanities. Other* 240 Physical 534 Pathology 891 Library & Archival Sciences 245 Quantum 536 Pharmacology 250 Theoretical 537 538 Pharmacy Medical Sciences General LANGUAGES & LlTERATURE 255 260 Structural Agricultural & Food 539 Medical Sciences. Other- 811 American 265 270 PharmaceuT.cai BlOLOGlCAL SClENCES 812 821 E nglish German 275 Polymers 822 Russian 280 Biochemistry (see also 540l 540 Biochemistry (see also 280i 823 French 285 Chemical Dynamics 542 Biophysics 824 Spanish & Portuguese 543 544 826 1 talian Classical* 299 Chemistry. Other* Biometrics. Biostatistics 827 (see also 055. 670. 725. 729l 829 Other Languages* EARTH. ENVlRONMENTAL AND 545 Anatomy MARlNE SClENCES 546 Cytology EDUCATlON & OTHER 547 Embryology PROFESSlONAL FlELDS 301 305 Mineralogy. Petrology 548 550 lmmunology Botany 310 Stratigraphy. Sedimentation 560 Ecology 801 Art Applied 320 330 Paleontology Structural Geology 56? 564 HydrObiOlOgy 881 882 Theology (tee also 833l Business Actmmistretion Microbiology & Bacteriology 341 Geophysics (Solid Earthl Geomorph & Glacial Geology Applied Geoi . Geoi Engr 566 567 569 Physiology. Animal Pnynology Plan' Zoology 883 884 885 Home Economics Journalism Speech & Hearing Sciences (see eiso 831 l 350 Ml ft Econ Geoi. 5 70 Genetics 886 Law. Jurisprudence 3M Fuel Tech ft. Petrol Engr 57 1 Entomology 887 Social Work 360 370 (see also 479l Hydrology & Water Resources Oceanography 5^2 573 574 Molecular Biology Food Science & Technology (see also 517l Behavior Ethology 897 899 Protessionei Field. Other* OTHER FlELDS* 3*7 Manne Sciences. Other* 576 Nutrition f-. Dietetics 311 Atmospheric Physics & Chemistry Atmospheric Dynamics 578 Bioiogicel Sciences. General Biological Sciences. Other* 382 579 383 Atmospheric Sciences. Other* 388 Environmentel Sciences. General 389 398 (see also 480. 528l Earth Sciences. General 399 EeMh Sciences. Other* 'ldentity the specitic tteld in the space on the questionnaire 46

APPENDIX B SAMPLING ERRORS FOR THE 1977 SURVEY OF DOCTORATE RECIPIENTS As noted on page 3, data from the National Research Council's Survey of Doctorate Recipients is subject to error due to sampling variability. Estimated sampling errors for selected statistics on women in industry are provided below (Tables B-1 and B-2). Sampling errors for percent statistics. The sampling errors for percent statistics were computed as s = /"pq~ where V n p = the percent x 100 q = 1 - p and n = the size of the sample on which the percent is based. The finite population correction factor, /N-n. has been omitted since it / N-1 would have a negligible effect on most of the calculated errors.1 The above formula also assumes a simple random sample whereas a stratified random sample was used. However, it has been shown that alternate standard error calculations, taking stratification into account, yield estimates that are quite similar to those derived from the more general formula used here.2 a result of omitting the finite population correction factor, the sampling error will be somewhat overestimated. 2Betty D. Maxfield, Nancy C. Ahern, and Andrew W. Spisak, Science, Engineering and Humanities Doctorates in the United States: 1977 Profile (Washington, D.C. National Academy of Science, 1978) pp. 78-79. See comparison of sampling errors based on (i) a simple random sample, and (ii) the stratified random sample, for the 1977 Survey of Doctorate Recipients. 47

TABLE B-l Estimated sampling errors (in parentheses) for selected statistics on doctoral women scientists in industry, 1977 Men Women % Employed in business/industry All Ph.D.s New Ph.D.s % Women among Ph.D.s in industry Engineering, mathematics, and physical sciences Life sciences Behavioral & social sciences % Distribution of doctoral scientists and engineers in industry by primary work activity Management of R & D Basic research Applied research Development Management of non-R & D Other activities % of Ph.D.s in industry who earned doctorate from pres- tigious department 1970-1976 Ph.D.s 1975-1976 Ph.D.s only % of recent Ph.D.s in industry who had received postdoctoral training Physics Chemistry Medical sciences Biological sciences 25.4 (0.3) 25.1 (0.9) n/a n/a n/a 27.7 6.7 25.5 16.3 9.5 14.3 (0.6) (0.3) (0.6) (0.5) (0.4) (0.5) 40.6 (1.0) 39.5 (2.0) 39.9 (4.2) 38.0 (2.2) 41.2 (4.7) 37.0 (3.6) 7.0 (0.3) 9.1 (1.0) 1.9 (0.2) 4.8 (0.6) 9.5 (1.5) 13.5 (1.5) 14.8 (1.5) 29.3 (1.9) 7.0 (1.1) 4.6 (0.9) 30.9 (2.0) 40.9 (2.7) 37.8 (4.5) 12.8 (7.3) 30.4 (4.3) 23.0 (10.9) 45.3 (8.4) 48

Sampling errors for median salaries. Sampling errors were computed for 3 all median salary figures shown in Part 1 of this report. The sampling error estimates, again assuming a simple random sample, were computed as follows: 1. Since the median is the estimated 50th percentile figure, the sampling error for p = .50 was calculated: P(1-P) = /.50(.5Q) = .25 n y n / n 2. The above resulted in an upper and lower bound on .50. Multiplied by 100, these were translated to upper and lower percentiles. 3. The salaries associated with the upper and lower percentile figures were then calculated, providing a two-thirds confidence interval for the median salary. Example: The estimated median salary in 1977 for recent women Ph.D.s in industry is $22,100 (Table 1.10). This is based on a sample of 305 such women. In this case, the sampling error for p = .50 is: = .03 Given that p =.50 + .03, the upper and lower percentiles of interest are (.05 - .03)100 and (.05 + .03)100 or the 47th and 53rd percentiles. Next, the 47th and 53rd percentile salaries for the recent women Ph.D.s are computed—$21,900 and $22,400. The two-thirds confidence interval for the estimate of $22,100 is thus $21,900- $22,400. The procedure for estimating sampling errors of medians was derived from Morris H. Hansen, William N. Hurwitz, and William G. Madow, Sample Survey Methods and Theory, vol. 1 (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1953), pp. 448-449. For readers not familiar with this term, a two-thirds confidence interval is the interval from one standard error or sampling error below the estimate to one standard error above the estimate. With two-thirds or 67 percent confidence, the interval includes the average result that would have been obtained from all possible samples of the same design. 49

It should be noted that the confidence intervals for the median salaries are generally not symmetric. This is because the salaries tend to be more variable above the median than below the median. Table B-2 below shows the estimated confidence intervals for median salaries that appeared in text Tables 1.7-1.9 and Figures 1.3-1.4. ($ in thousands) Frora: Median salary 2/3 Confidence interval TABLE 1.7 1934-1957 Ph.D.s: All fields (1973) Men $28.1 $27.9-28.4 Women 22.3 21.7-22.9 (1977) Men 37.7 37.3-38.0 EMP fields (1973) Men 27.7 27.4-28.2 Women 22.1 21.2-22.7 (1977) Men 37.4 36.8-38.0 Life sciences (1973) Men 28.9 28.3-29.6 1958-1969 Ph.D.s: (1977) Men 37.8 36.6-38.9 All fields (1973) Men 22.8 22.7-22.9 Women 20.5 20.2-20.8 (1977) Men 31.4 31.2-31.6 Women 27.5 26.6-28.2 EMP fields (1973) Men 22.7 22.6-22.8 Women 20.4 20.0-20.8 (1977) Men 31.3 31.1-31.5 Women 27.2 26.3-27.9 Life sciences (1973) Men 23.1 22.8-23.4 Women 19.7 19.0-20.4 (1977) Men 32.0 30.8-32.6 Behavioral and Women 26.9 25.7-28.5 social sciences (1973) Men 27.7 25.9-29.0 1970-1972 Ph.D.s: All fields (1973) Men 18.7 18.6-18.8 Women 16.3 15.7-16.9 (1977) Men 26.8 26.5-27.1 Women 24.0 23.2-24.4 EMP fields (1973) Men 18.7 18.6-18.8 Women 16.4 15.7-17.0 (1977) Men 26.8 26.5-27.1 Women 23.5 22.5-24.1 Life sciences (1973) Men 17.7 17.5-17.9 Women 14.8 14.3-15.5 (1977) Men 25.6 25.1-26.1 Behavioral and Women 22.3 21.7-22.9 social sciences (1973) Men 20.2 19.0-20.8 Women 17.5 17.2-17.8 (1977) Men 29.8 28.5-30.9 Women 30.4 28.6-32.1 TABLE B-2. Estimated confidence intervals for median salaries, doctoral scientists and engineers in industry aThere is 2/3 or 67 percenc confidence that the interval includes the value being estimated. 50

TABLE B-2. Estimated confidence intervals for medial i salaries , doctoral scientists (continued) and engineers in industry ($ in thousands) 2/3 Confidence Median From: salary interval8 FIGURE 1.3 1934-1957 Ph.D.s Men $37.7 $37.3-38.0 Women 30.0 27.9-31.6 1958-1969 Ph.D.s Men 31.4 31.2-31.6 Women 27.5 26.6-28.2 1970-1972 Ph.D.s Men 26.8 26.5-27.1 Women 24.0 23.2-24.4 1973-1974 Ph.D.s Men 24.2 24.1-24.4 Women 21.3 20.8-22.3 1975-1976 Ph.D.s Men 21.6 21.5-21.7 TABLE 1.8 All fields Women 21.2 20.7-21.6 Men 21.0 20.8-21.2 Women 19.5 19.0-20.0 3-5 years Men 23.0 22.8-23.2 Women 20.9 20.6-21.3 6-9 years Men 26.8 26.6-27.1 Women 25.4 24.5-26.4 10-14 years Men 30.3 30.2-30.4 Women 28.2 26.5-29.2 15-19 years Men 33.1 32.7-33.5 Women 27.2 26.3-28.9 20-24 years Men 35.4 35.0-35.8 Women 28.4 27.5-30.3 25 years or more Men 37.6 36.9-38.3 BMP fields 2 years experience or less Mm 21.2 21.0-21.4 Women 20.5 19.9-21.1 3-5 years Men 23.0 22.9-23.2 Women 21.6 20.9-22.1 6-9 years Men 26.9 26.7-27.2 Women 24.6 24.0-25.8 10-14 years Men 30.3 30.1-30.4 Women 25.7 25.1-26.9 15-19 years Men 32.7 32.4-33.1 Women 26.8 25.3-28.1 20-24 years Men 35.0 34.5-35.4 Women 28.3 27.4-30.1 25 years or more Mm 37.5 36.9-38.2 Life sciences Women 30.4 29.0-31.9 2 years experience or less Men $19.3 $18.8-19.8 3-5 years Men 22.9 22.5-23.3 Women 20.5 19.9-21.1 6-9 years Men 25.7 25.3-26.3 Women 23.1 22.3-24.2 10-14 years Men 30.3 30.0-30.6 15-19 years Men 35.8 35.3-36.5 20-24 years Mm 36.2 35.3-37.4 25 years or more Men 37.6 35.9-39.0 Behavioral & social sciences Women 28.2 26.1-30.0 3-5 years experience Men 23.2 22.2-24.7 6-9 years Men 27.8 26.6-29.5 10-14 years Men 31.4 30.6-32.5 Women 30.2 29.6-32.2 There is 2/3 or 67 percent confidence that the interval includes the value being estimated. 51

TABLE B-2. (continued) Estimated confidence intervals for median salaries, doctoral scientists and engineers in industry From: ($ in thousands) Median salary 2/3 Confidence interval8 TABLE 1.9 EMP fields Performance of R&D 2 years experience or less 3-5 years 6-9 years 10-14 years 15-19 years Management of R&D 3-5 years 6-9 years 10-14 years 15-19 years Men 21.4 21.1-21.6 Women 21.2 20.8-21.5 Men 23.2 23.1-23.4 Women 22.4 22.1-22.8 Men 26.0 25.7-26.2 Women 25.2 24.5-26.3 Men 28.9 28.8-29.2 Women 26.3 25.0-28.4 Men 30.0 29.5-30.3 Women 25.1 24.5-26.3 Men 23.4 22.6-24.3 Women 18.8 18.1-20.6 Men 30.0 29.6-30.3 Women 23.9 23.2-31.0 Men 32.0 31.5-32.5 Women 25.8 25.2-27.5 Men 36.1 35.6-36.5 Women 34.4 33.0-36.2 aThere is 2/3 or 67 percent confidence that the interval includes the value being estimated. 52

APPENDIX C DEFINITION OF FEDERALLY EMPLOYED SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS For the analyses in Part 2 of this report, scientists and engineers were defined as individuals who had earned degrees in science and engineering and who were employed in selected scientific, engineering, or administrative positions, according to the Central Personnel Data File. Degree criteria. Only those persons who had earned a baccalaureate or higher degree in a science or engineering field were selected. The academic discipline codes that were included are shown in Table C-l. Individuals with professional degrees in medicine and law as their highest degree were not included. Occupation criteria. The population was further restricted to persons employed in selected professional scientific and engineering positions or in certain administrative categories. The occupational codes and corresponding titles are listed in Table C-2. Primary job function. Those engaged primarily in clinical practice, as indicated by "functional classification'1, were excluded from the analyses. file, which is maintained by the Office of Personnel Management, is briefly described on page 3 of this report. 53

TABLE C-l Definition of Science and Engineering Fields* Name of Field Mathematics/statistics Mathematics, general Statistics, mathematical & theoretical Applied mathematics Other, related Operations research Computer sciences Computer and information sciences, general Information sciences & systems Data processing Computer programming Systems analysis Other, related Physics fhysics, general (excluding biophysics) Molecular physics Nuclear physics Chemistry Chemistry, general (excludes biochemistry) Inorganic chemistry Organic chemistry Physical chemistry Analytical chemistry Pharmaceutical chemistry Other physical sciences Physical sciences, general Astronomy Astrophysics Atmospheric sciences & meteorology Geology Geochemistry Geophysics & seismology Earth sciences, general Paleontology Oceanography Metallurgy Other, related Code 1701 1702 1703 1799 0507 0701 0702 0703 0704 0705 0799 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1901 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1999 Name of Field Code Engineering Engineering, general 0901 Aerospace, aeronautical, astronautfcal 0902 Agricultural 0903 Bioengineering and biomedical 0905 Chemical engineering (includes petroleum refining) 0906 Petroleum engineering (excludes petroleum refining) 0907 Civil, construction, transportation 0908 Electrical, electronics,communications 0909 Mechanical 0910 Geological 0911 Geophysical 0912 Industrial & management 0913 Metallurgical 0914 Materials 0915 Ceramic 0916 Textile 0917 Mining, mineral 0918 Engineering physics 0919 Nuclear 0920 Engineering mechanics 0921 Environmental, sanitary 0922 Ocean 0924 Engineering technologies (B.S. & higher) 0925 Other, related 0999 Agricultural sciences Agriculture, general 0101 Agronomy (field crops, crops management) 0102 Soils science (management, conservation) 0103 Animal science (husbandry) 0104 Dairy science (husbandry) 0105 Poultry science 0106 Fish, game, wildlife management 0107 Horticulture (fruit, vegetable production) 0108 Ornamental horticulture (floriculture, nursery science) 0109 Agricultural, farm management 0110 Agricultural economics 0ll1 Food science, technology 0113 Forestry 0114 Natural resources management 0115 Agriculture, forestry technologies (B.S. & higher) 0116 Range management 0117 Other, related 0199 Environmental design, general 0201 City, conmunity, regional planning 0206 *Based on the "academic discipline" of highest degree earned, as indicated in the Central Personnel Data File.

TABLE C.I (continued) Biological sciences Biological, general Botany, general Bacteriology Plant pathology Plant pharmacology Plant physiology Zoology, general Pathology, human & animal Pharmacology, human & animal Physiology, human & animal Microbiology Anatomy Histology Biochemistry Biophysics Molecular biology Cell biology (cytology, cell physiology) Marine biology Biometrics, biostatistics Ecology Entomology Genetics Radiobiology Nutrition, scientific (excludes nutrition in home economics and dietetics) Neurosciences Toxicology Embryology Wildlife biology Other, related Foods, nutrition Code 0401 0402 0403 0404 0405 0406 0407 0408 0409 0410 0411 0412 0413 041A 0415 0416 0417 0418 0419 0420 0421 0422 0423 0424 0425 0426 0427 0498 0499 1306 Social sciences Code Psychology, general 2001 Experimental psychology 2002 Clinical psychology 2003 Psychology for counseling 2004 Social psychology 2005 Psychometrics 2006 Statistics in psychology 2007 Industrial psychology 2008 Developmental psychology 2009 Physiological psychology 2010 Other, related 2099 Family relations, child development 1305 Social sciences, general 2201 Anthropology 2202 Archaeology 2203 Economics 2204 Geography 2206 Political science, government 2207 Sociology 2208 Criminology 2209 International relations 2210 Afro-American cultural studies 2211 American Indian studies 2212 Mexican-American cultural studies 2213 Urban studies 2214 Demography 2215 Other, related 2299 Communications, general 0601 Linguistics 1505 Area studies 0301 to 0399 Public administration 2102 Biological and physical sciences & engineering, general 4902,4904 55

TABLE C-2 Occupational Titles Included in the Federal Employment Analyses (only for those with degrees in science and engineering) PROFESSIONAL CODE TITLE 1510 Actuary 1515 Operations research 1520 Mathematics 1529 Mathematical statistician 1530 Statistician 1310 Physics 1320 Chemistry CODE TITLES 0406 Agricultural extension 0434 Plant pathology 0436 Plant protection&quarantine 0437 Horticulture 0454 Range conservation 0457 Soil conservation 0460 Forestry 0470 Soil science 0471 Agronomy 0475 Agricultural management 0480 General fish & wildlife 0482 Fishery biology 0485 Wildlife refuge management 0486 Wildlife biology 0487 Husbandry 1306 Health physics 0401 General biological science 0403 Microbiology 0405 Pharmacology 0410 Zoology 0413 Physiology 0414 Entomology 0430 Botany 0435 Plant physiology 0440 Genetics 0101 Social science 0110 Economist 0130 Foreign affairs 0131 International relations 0135 Foreign agricultural affairs 0140 Manpower research and analysis 0150 Geography 0180 Psychology 0184 Sociology 0190 General anthropology 0193 Archeology 1370 Cartography 1373 Land surveying 0020 Community planning 1301 General physical science 1313 Geophysics 1315 Hydrology 1321 Mettalurgy 1330 Astronomy & space science 1340 Meteorology 1350 Geology 1360 Oceanography 1372 Geodesy 0801 General engineering 0803 Safety engineering 0804 Fire prevention engineering 0806 Materials engineering 0810 Civil engineering 0819 Sanitary engineering 0830 Mechanical engineering 0840 Nuclear engineering 0850 Electrical engineering 0855 Electronics engineering 0858 Biomedical engineering 0861 Aerospace engineering 0880 Mining engineering 0881 Petroleum engineering 0890 Agricultural engineering 0892 Ceramic engineering 0893 Chemical engineering 0894 Welding engineering 0896 Industrial engineering ADMINISTRATIVE 0301 General clerical & administrative 0333 Digital computer systems 0334 Computer specialist 0340 Program management 0341 Administrative officer 0342 Office services management 0343 Management analysis 0345 Program analysis 0346 Logistics management 0391 Communications management 0132 Intelligence 0136 International cooperation 56