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References Abou Akkada, A. R., and K. El-Shazly. 1965. Effect of presence or absence of rumen ciliate protozoa on some blood components, nitrogen retention, and digestibility of food constituents in lambs. J. Agric. Sci. 64:251-255. Acord, C. R., G. E. Mitchell, Jr., C.O. Little, and M. R. Karr. 1966. Nitrogen sources for starch digestion by rumen microorganisms. J. Dairy Sci. 49:1519-1522. Akintunde, F. O., R. H. Davis, and A. H. Sykes. 1968. The performance of laying hens on diets supplemented with non-protein nitrogen. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 27:52A. Albert, W. W., U. S. Garrigus, R. M. Forbes, and H. W. Norton. 1956. The sulfur re- quirement of growing-fattening lambs in terms of methionine, sodium sulfate and elemental sulfur. J. Anim. Sci. 15:559-569. Albert, W. W., D. L. Cox, and E. E. Hatfield. 1967. Urea, biuret and soybean meal ensiled with cornstalk forage for wintering pregnant ewes. 111. Agric. Exp. Stn. Anim. Sci. Dep., Beef Cattle Day Prog. Rep. AS-642g. Allaway, W. H. 1969. Trends in the mineral composition of feeds. Proc. Cornell Nutr. Conf. for Feed Manuf. (Buffalo), pp. 12-16. Allen, C. K., and H. E. Henderson. 1972. Effect of added acetic or lactic acid on steer calf performance. J. Anim. Sci. 35:1125. (A) Allen, G. 1974. Economic Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Personal Communication. Allen, N. K., and D. H. Baker. 1972. A comparison of nonspecific nitrogen sources for the growing chick. Poult. Sci. 51:1778. (A) Allison, M. J. 1969. Biosynthesis of amino acids by ruminal microorganisms. J. Anim. Sci. 29:797-807. Al-Rabbat, M. F., R. L. Baldwin, and W. C. Weir. 197la. Microbial growth depen- dence on ammonia nitrogen in the bovine rumen: A quantitative study. J. Dairy Sci. 54:1162-1172. Al-Rabbat, M. F., R. L. Baldwin, and W. C. Weir. 1971b. In vitro 15 nitrogen-tracer technique for some kinetic measures of ruminal ammonia. J. Dairy Sci. 54:1150-1161. 97

98 References Altona, R. E., C. J. Rose, and T. J. Tilley. 1960. Urea as supplementary protein for bulk feeds. S. Afr. J. Agric. Sci. 3:69-81. Ammerman, C. B., G. J. Verde, J. E. Moore, W. C. Burns, and C. F. Chicco. 1972. Biuret, urea and natural proteins as nitrogen supplements for low quality rough- age for sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 35:121-127. Anderson, C. C., C. A. McLaren, J. A. Welsh, C. D. Campbell, and C. S. Smith. 1959. Comparative effects of urea, uramite, biuret, soybean protein, and creatine on digestion and nitrogen metabolism in lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 18:134-140. Archibald, J. G. 1943. Feeding urea to dairy cows. Mass. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 406. Baker, V.I.I 944. The substitution of distillers' wheat dried grains or urea for soy- bean oil meal for wintering heifer calves. Nebr. Agric. Exp. Stn. 58th Annu. Rep., p. 69. Baker, M. L., V. H. Arthaud, and K. E. Gregory. 1949. Feeding urea to growing and fattening calves. Nebr. Agric. Exp. Stn. 62d Annu. Rep., p. 75. Balch, C . C. 1967. Problems in predicting the value of nonprotein nitrogen as a sub- stitute for protein in rations of farm animal ruminants. World Rev. Anim. Prod. 3:84-91. Balch, C. C., and R. C. Campling. 1961. Utilization of urea by milking cows. J. Dairy Res. 28:157-163. Barrie, N., and R. Clark. 1959. The effects of (a) soluble phosphate and (b) cobalt on the utilization of urea nitrogen by cattle. J. S. Afr. Vet. Med. Assoc. 30: 457-458. Barth, K. M., G. A. McLaren, and G. C. Anderson. 1961. Relationship between microbial protein synthesis and adaptation response. J. Anim. Sci. 20:924-925. Bartlett, H. S., and A. G. Cotton. 1938. Urea as a protein substitute in the diet of young cattle. J. Dairy Res. 9:263-272. Bartlett, S., and W. H. Broster. 1958. Feeding trials with ammoniated molasses in the diet of young dairy cattle. J. Agric. Sci. 50:60-63. Bates, J. P., Jr., D. R. Jacobson, J. W. Rust, and D. M. Seath. 1960. A comparison of feeding ground corn cobs and a liquid urea-molasses-mineral mix with and without ethyl alcohol to yearling dairy heifers. J. Dairy Sci. 43:1820-1825. Beames, R. M. 1959. Molasses and urea as a supplement to low-quality hay for cattle. Queensl. J. Agric. Anim. Sci. 16:223-232. Beames, R. M. 1960. The supplementation of low-quality hay and pasture with molasses and molasses-urea mixtures. Proc. Aust. Soc. Anim. Prod. 3:86-92. Beames, R. M. 1963. Provision of urea to cattle in a salt-urea-molasses block. Queensl. J. Agric. Anim. Sci. 20:213-230. Becker, R. B. 1967. Nonprotein nitrogen sources as protein replacers. Univ. Fla. Dairy Sci. Mimeo. Rep. D.Y. 68-1. Belasco, I. J. 1954. New nitrogen feed compounds for ruminants. A laboratory evaluation. J. Anim. Sci. 19:1248. (A) Bentley, O. G., M. Moinuddin, R. V. Hershberger, E. W. Klosterman, and A. L. Moxon. 1954. The effect of trace minerals on growth performance and vitamin B12 synthesis of steers. J. Anim. Sci. 13:789-801. Bentley, O. G., E. W. Klosterman, and P. Engle. 1955. The use of urea to increase the crude protein content of corn silage for fattening steers. Ohio Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Bull. 766:1-20. Berry, W. T., Jr., J. K. Riggs, and H. O. Kunkel. 1956. The lack of toxicity of biuret to animals. J. Anim. Sci. 15:225-233.

References 99 Berry, W. T., Jr., H. O. Kunkel, and J. K. Riggs. 1958. A liquid supplement for range cattle. Tex. Agric. Prog. 4:10-11. Bishop, E. J. B. 1957. Combat losses with urea and molasses. Farming S. Afr. 33:30-32. Bishop, E. J. B. 1959. The value of urea and molasses proved at Dohne. Farming S. Afr. 35:27-29. Bishop, E. J. B., and P. I. Wilke. 1971. Protein supplementation in winter veld. Farming S. Afr. 47:7-9. Bishop, R. B. 1971. Effect of methionine hydroxy analog on complete lactation of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 54:1240-1241. (A) Bloomfield, R. A., G. B. Garner, and M. E. Muhrer. 1960. Kinetics of urea metabo- lism in sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 19:1248. (A) Bloomfield, R. A., C. Welsch, G. B. Gamer, and M. E. Muhrer. 1961. Effect of six- teen times a day feeding on urea utilization. J. Anim. Sci. 20:926. (A) Bloomfield, R. A., R. P. Wilson, and G. B. Thompson. 1964. Influence of energy levels on urea utilization. J. Anim. Sci. 23:868. (A) Bohman, V. R., G. W. Trimberger, J. K. Loosli, and K. L. Turk. 1954. The utiliza- tion of molasses and urea in the rations of growing dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 37:284-293. Boman, R. L., R. E. Blaser, C. E. Polan, and H. T. Bryant. 1969. Supplementation of corn silage with and without urea. J. Dairy Sci. 52:937. (A) Bond, J., and R. R. Oltjen. 1973. Growth and reproductive performance of beef females fed high urea-containing diets. J. Anim. Sci. 37:1040-1047. Bornstein, S., and B. Lipstein. 1968. A note on non-protein nitrogen supplementa- tion of a low-protein layer's diet. Proc. 3d Eur. Poult. Congr. Jerusalem 373-375. Boston, W. D., E. E. Hatfield, L. K. Majewski, and U. S. Garrigus. 1966. Effect of sodium lactate, source of nitrogen and days on diet on nitrogen and mineral balances. J. Anim. Sci. 25:1252. (A) Bouchard, R., and H. R. Conrad. 1973. Sulfur requirement of lactating dairy cows. I. Sulfur balance and dietary supplementation. J. Dairy Sci. 56:1276-1282. Bowstead, J. E., and H. T. Fredeen. 1948. Feeding urea to dairy cows with special reference to the palatability of feed mixtures containing urea. Sci. Agric. 28:66-78. Bradley, N. W., B. M. Jones, Jr., G. E. Mitchell, Jr., and C. O. Little. 1966. Fat and urea in finishing rations for steers. J. Anim. Sci. 25:480-483. Braman, W. L., E. E. Hatfield, F. N. Owens, and J. M. Lewis. 1973. Protein concen- tration and sources for finishing ruminants fed high-concentrate diets. J. Anim. Sci . 36:782-787. Brent, B. E., A. Adepoju, and F. Portela. 1971. In vitro inhibition of rumen urease with acetohydroxamic acid. J. Anim. Sci. 32:794-798. Briggs, H. M., W. D. Gallup, A. E. Darlow, D. F. Stephens, and C. Kinney. 1947. Urea as an extender of protein when fed to cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 6:445-460. Briggs, H. M., W. D. Gallup, J. S. Dinning, A. E. Darlow, D. F. Stephens, and W. D. Campbell. 1948. The efficiency of urea as a protein extender. Okla. Agric. Exp. Stn. Misc. Publ. MP-13:19-23. Briggs, M. H., ed. 1967. Urea as a protein supplement. Pergamon Press, New York. 466 pp. Briggs, M. H., T. W. Heard, A. Whitcroft, and M. L. Hogg. 1964. Studies on urea-fed cattle. II. Rumen levels of B vitamins and related coenzymes. Life Sci. 3:11-14.

100 References Brigl, P., and C. Windheuser. 1931. Uber Silofutter (a) aus Sonnenblumen, (b) mil Zusatz von Harnstoff. Tierernahrung. 3:220-242. Broster, W. H., C. C . Balch, S. Bartlett, and R. C. Campling. 1960. The value of ammoniated sugar beet pulp for dairy cows. J. Agric. Sci. 55:197-202. Brown, G. W., and D. R. Jacobson. 1966. Utilization of urea by growing dairy heifers. J. Dairy Sci. 49:450. (A) Brown, L . D., C. A. Lassiter, J. P. Everett, and J. W. Rust. 1956. The utilization of urea nitrogen by young dairy calves. J. Anim. Sci. 15:1125-1132. Brown, L. D., R. S. Emery, E. J. Benne, and C. A. Lassiter. 1960a. Effect of level and source of sulfur on the utilization of urea by dairy heifers. J. Dairy Sci. 43:890. (A) Brown, L . D., D. R. Jacobson, J. P. Everett, Jr., D. M. Seath, and J. W. Rust. 1960b. Urea utilization by young dairy calves as affected by chlorotetracycline supple- mentation. J. Dairy Sci. 43:1313-1321. Browning, C. B., J. W. Lusk, and J. T. Miles. 1960. Effect of protein supplementation on consumption and digestibility of sorghum silage. J. Dairy Sci. 43:443. (A) Bruggemann, J., and D. Giesecke. 1967. The effect of urea on rumen microbiology and metabolism. Pages 125-154 in M. H. Briggs, ed. Urea as a protein supple- ment. Pergamon Press, New York. 466 pp. Bruggemann, J., K. Drepper, and R Zucker. 1962. Urea feeding trials with young bulls. Z. Tierphysiol. Tierernaehr. Futtermittelk. 17:243-257. Bryant, M. P. 1963. Symposium on microbial digestion in ruminants. USD A Agric. Res. Serv. Spec. Rep. 44-92, pp. 1-15. Washington, D.C. Bucholtz, H. F., and W. G. Bergen. 1973. Microbial phospholipid synthesis as a marker for microbial protein synthesis in the rumen. Appl. Microbiol. 25:504- 513. Burroughs, W., N. A. Frank, P. Gerlaugh, and R. M. Bethke. 1950. Preliminary observations upon factors influencing cellulose digestion by rumen micro- organisms. J. Nutr. 40:9-24. Burroughs, W., G. S. Ternus, A. H. Trenkle, and R. L. Vetter. 197la. Withdrawal of different nutrients from high-urea cattle supplements following the time when corn dry matter consumption reached 13 pounds per animal per day. Iowa State Univ. Coop. Ext. Serv. Agric. Home Econ. Exp. Stn. Anim. Sci. Leafl. R152:l-5. Burroughs, W., A. Trenkle, and R. L. Vetter. 1971b. The needs of feedlot cattle for preformed protein in addition to nonprotein nitrogen such as urea. Iowa State Univ. Coop. Ext. Serv. Agric. Home Econ. Exp. Stn. Anim. Sci. Leafl. R151:1-12. Burroughs, W., A. H . Trenkle, and R. L. Vetter. 1971c. Progress report. Second experiment withdrawing different nutrients from high-urea cattle supplements following the time when corn dry matter consumption reaches 13 pounds per animal per day. Iowa State Univ. Coop. Ext. Serv. Agric. Home Econ. Exp. Stn. Anim. Sci. Leafl. R153:l-4. Burroughs, W., A. H . Trenkle, and R. L. Vetter. 197Id. Some new concepts con- cerning urea utilization in beef cattle: Urea fermentation potential (UFP) of feeds. Proc. 26th Annu. Tex. Nutr. Conf., College Station, Tex., pp. 103-121. Burroughs, W., A. H. Trenkle, and R. L. Vetter. 1971e. Some new concepts of pro- tein nutrition of feedlot cattle (Metabolizable protein and metabolizable ammo acids). Vet. Med. Small Anim. Clin. 66:238-247. Burroughs, W., A. H . Trenkle, and R. L. Vetter. 1972. Proposed new system of evaluating protein nutrition of feedlot cattle (Metabolizable protein and urea

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102 References Chalupa, W., R. R. Oltjen, and D. A. Dinius. 1973. Sulfur nutrition for urea-fed cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 37:340. (A) Chandler, W. V. 1960. Nutrient uptake by corn in North Carolina. N.C. Agric. Exp. Stn. Tech. Bull. 143. Chavez, R., J. M. Thomas, and B. L. Reid. 1966. The utilization of non-protein nitrogen by laying hens. Poult. Sci. 45:547-553. Chicco, C. F., T. A. Shall/, A. A. Carnevali, L. Oropeza, and C. B. Ammerman. 1971. Biuret and urea in supplements for bovines fed green chop elephant grass. J. Anim. Sci. 33:133-136. Chicco, C. F., T. A. Shultz, E. Shultz, A. A. Carnevali, and C. B. Ammerman. 1972. Molasses-urea for restricted forage fed steers in tropics. J. Anim. Sci. 35:859-864. Church, D. C. 1969. Digestive physiology and nutrition of ruminants, vol. 1. Oreg. State Univ. Press, Corvallis. 316 pp. Clanton, D. C., and J. G. Brown. 1971. Non-protein nitrogen in range supplements. J. Anim. Sci. 33:279. (A) dark, J. H. 1971. Non-protein nitrogen in ruminant rations. 111. Res. 13:10-11. dark, J. H., S. L. Spahr, and R. G. Derrig. 1973. Urea utilization by lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 56:763-774. dark, J. L., W. H. Pfander, and G. B. Thompson. 1970. Urea and trace minerals for finishing cattle rations. J. Anim. Sci. 30:297-302. dark, R. 1952. Use of urea and molasses in wintering feeding. Farming S. Afr. 27: 453-454. dark, R., and N. Barrie. 1954. Winter feeding experiments. Farming S. Afr. 29: 135-138. dark, R., E. L. Barrett, and J. H. Kellerman. 1963. A comparison between nitrogen retention from biuret and urea by sheep on a low protein roughage diet. J. S. Afr. Vet. Med. Assoc. 34:419-423. dark, R., E. L. Barrett, and J. H. Kellerman. 1965. A comparison between nitrogen retention from urea, biuret, triuret and cyanuric acid by sheep on a low protein roughage diet. J. S. Afr. Vet. Med. Assoc. 36:79-80. demens, E. T., and R. R. Johnson. 1973. Biuretolytic activity of rumen micro- organisms as influenced by the frequency of feeding biuret supplement. J. Anim. Sci. 37:1027-1033. demens, E. T., and R. R. Johnson. 1974. Influence of dietary nitrogen source, con- centrate level and biuret level in sheep on the adaptation of rumen micro- organisms to biuret as a nonprotein nitrogen source. J. Nutr. 103:1406-1413. difford, A. J., J. R. Bourdette, and A. D. Tillman. 1968. Effect of urease inhibitors on sheep fed diets containing urea. J. Anim. Sci. 27:1073-1080. dine, T. R., U. S. Garrigus, and E. E. Hatfield. 1966. Addition of branched- and straightchain volatile fatty acids to purified lamb diets and effects on utilization of certain dietary components. J. Anim. Sci. 25:734-739. Colby, B. E., D. A. Evans, S. J. Lyford, Jr., W. B. Nutting, and D. N. Stern. 1969. Dairy goats—breeding, feeding and management. Leafl. 439. Am. Dairy Goat Assoc. Box 186, Spindale, N.C. 28160. Colenbrander, V. F., L . D. Muller, and M. D. Cunningham. 1971a. Effects of added urea and ammonium polyphosphate on fermentation of corn stover silages. J. Anim. Sci. 33:1097-1101. Colenbrander, V. F., L . D. Muller, J. A. Wasson, and M. D. Cunningham. 1971b. Effects of added urea and ammonium polyphosphate to corn stover silages on animal performance. J. Anim. Sci. 33:1091-1096.

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