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Index Abelson, Philip H., vii accumulator plants, rare elements in (table), 7 Acer glilbrum (mountain maple), 31 acetic acid, 69 achromotrichia, 73 acute-reaction diseases, 10 Adonis sp., 39 adrenals, 40 Aeromonas /iqui[aciens, 16 agricultural technology, effects on food chain, 8 aldehyde oxidase, 71 alder, 31 aldosterone secretion, SO alfalfa, 39, 59, 75, 91,92 algae,26, 76 alkali disease, S 7 alkaloids, 39, 73 alkyls, 53 Allaway, William H., 105 Allymm marlcgrafl, 31 alopecia, 60 aluminum, 24, 25, 36,37 pesticides, 9 American Association for the Advancement of Science, v American Hospital Association, 100 American Public Health Association, 1 00 amine oxidase, 74 amlnoacidurea, 44 aminolevulinic acid, 54 dehydrase, 54 amphipods, 76 anabolism, 52 analytical methods, trace element, 80ff. cadmium,81 chromium, 85 fluorine, 80; (table), 83 iodine, 80; (table), 82 lead, 81 lithium, 81 selenium, 85 tellurium, 85 zinc, 81 Anderson, Barbara M., 38 Andropogon g/omeratus, 91 anemia, 10,47, 73 Angino, Ernest E., iii, 105 animals (see also the names of individual types), 100 chromium, 32 copper, 71; (table), 72 effects of agricultural technology, 8 fluorine, 24 iodine, 26 lead, 54 mineral-related sYndromes (table), 16 molybdenum, 7l;(table), 72 sampling techniques, 92 selenium, 59, 60 wild,20,41,62,100 anodic stripping voltammetry, 82, 83, 85 anorexia, 65 antibiotics, 10 aorta, 29 107 Ap/opappus sp., 59 apoenzyme, 73 argon atmosphere, arcing in, as method of chromium analysis, 86 Arizona, Pima Indian Reservation, lithium, 37,39 Willcox Basin, fluorine, 22 arsenic, 3,49,61,103 arteriosclerosis, 4 7 Asilomar Conference Grounds, 1 Asilomar Workshop on the Geochemical Environment in Relation to Health and Disease, vii, 104 asters, 59 Astragalus sp. (locoweed), 7, 59 racemoms, 59 atherosclerosis, 1 0, 11, 4 7 atmosphere, effects on food chain, 10 sampling techniques, 92; flow vs. time (illus.), 93 atomic absorption spectroscopy, 45,81-83, 85,86 Atropa be/llldonna, 39 avocado, 39 background values, S Banta, James E., iii, 105 barium, accumulation in plants, 7 barley, 32, 49,59 Barnes, Hubert L., iii baseline data, definition, S need for, 3 selenium, 61
108 Index baseline measurements, 90, 95 baseline samples, defmition, S baseline studies. 94 basswood, 31 bauxite, 30, 36 beans,49, 92 beef, 7, 52 Beeson, Kenneth C., ill. lOS beets, 92 bench-mark samples. 104 bile, 72, 74 bioamperometry, 86 biological standards (table), 95 biomechanical testing, 24 bismuth tellurate, 65 bismuth telluride, 65 blind staggers, 57 blood, 32, 49, 54, 61, 62, 71, 72, 86, 92, 94,96, 101,104 blood pressure, SO, 99, 100, 104 bone,24,51,54, 71,73 fluorine, 24 marrow, 47 borage, 31 boron, 37 accumulation in plants, 7, 9 Bove, Albert N., iii, lOS brain (see aiJo cerebral hemorrhage), 71, 74 brassicae, 27 Brazil nut, barium, 7 bread, 52 brine, 31, 37, 81 British anti-lewisite, 66 bromegrass, 92 Burau, Richard G., I OS Butterworth, C. E., 52 cabbage, 48 cadmium, 1, 3, 36, 43ff., 92, 101, 104 absorption and accumulation, 45 airborne, 10, 44 analytical methods, 81 distribution in body, 47 fertilizers, 9 flow and usage, U.S. (illus.), 48 foods, 44; (table), 45 health effects, 4 7, 103 human intake, 44 institutional foods (table), 46 pollution, 2, 48 relation to zinc, 43, 104 research recommendations, 49 rice and soils (table), 4 7 sewage, 9, 49, SO standards, S 1 teratogenic effects, 61 threshold levels, 4 7 toxicology, 43, 48, SO water,44 cadmium chloride, 4 7 cadmium sulfate, SO cadmium-zinc ratio, biological importance, 43, 48, so. 52 foods (table), 45,46 calcium, 24, 31, 47, SO, 52,81 camellia, 23 cancer, 10, 29, SO, 61, 77 Cannon, Helen L., iii, 2, 7, 37, lOS carbohydrate metabolism, 29, 38 carbon, 93 carcinogenesis, SO, 61, 66 carcinogenicity, S 7 carcinoma, 77 cardiovascular disease, 36, 37, 41, 47, SO, 73, 77,100,104 carnations, 39 carrots, 32 Quya spp. (hickory and pecan), 7 catalytic analysis, 85 cataracts, 60 catde,8,24,57,60, 70,72 central nervous system, 66 cereals, 31, 74 cerebral hemorrhage, 10 cerebrovascular lesion defect, 10 ceruloplasmin, 72, 73 cesium, 81 chalcopyrite, 64 Chaney, R. L., 32 chickweed, 31 chlorine, 9 chloroform, 87 chlorophyll, 23, 38 chloroplasts, 38 chlorosis, 3 2 chromic acid, 86 chrornite, 29, 30 chromium, 1, 3, 29ff., 104 analytical methods, 85 animals,32,94 cancer, 29 distribution (table), 30 essential element, 32 fertilizers, 9 geochemistry, 29 glucose tolerance factor, 29 health effects, 32, 103 insulin, 29 plants, 31, 92, 94; (table), 31 pollution, 2, 33 research recommendations, 33 rocks, 29 soils, 30, 31, 40 water, 30 chromous acetate, 32 cirrhosis of liver, 10, 77 Cinium sp., 39 citrus plants, chromium, 32 lithium, 38, 39 clams. 74 clay, 7, 31, 36, 37,68,69, 91 Clayton, Robert N., iii Qethra sp. (alder), 7 clover, 27, 91,92 coal,26, 41,58,65,68,69, 77 cobalt,9,31,91,92 accumulation in plants, 7 cohort study, 99 collagen,S2,73, 74 colon, 47 colorimetric analyses, 85 conclusions. geochemical environment and health, 11 Connor, Jon J., iii, vii Conway dish, 81 copper, 1, 9, 10, 64, 65, 68ff., 85, 91, 101, 104 absorption, 72 animals. 8, 71; (table), 73 atmospheric fallout, 76 biologic functions, 73 chemistry, 72 dietary sources, 74 fertilizers. 9 geochemistry, 68 health effects, 72 human intake (table), 70 molybdenum relations, 68, 73 physiology functions. 73 plants, 8, 9, 92; (table), 70, 71; rejection, 7; uptake, pH, 8 pollution, 74 recycled solid waste, 10 research recommendations, 76 rocks (table), 69 sewage, 9, 10 soils, 8, 69 sources (illus.), 74 tobacco (table), 70 toxicity, 69, 71-73 water, 70 weathering, 68 copper sulfate, 76 com, 8, 9, 32, 39, 48, 49, 51, 61, 75,85 cornmeal, 51 coronary heart disease, U.S. (map), 39 corrin ring, 73 crabs, 25 cretinism, 27 crib death, 61 cross-sectional study, 99 cryolite, 24 cucumbers, 32 cyanogenic glucoside, 27 cyanosis, 57 cyclotelluropentane-3,5-diones. 65 cysteine, SO DNA, zinc, 52 daphniae, 76 Datura stramonium, 39 Davis, George K., iii, 1 OS Dawson, E. B., 41 death rates, 99 deer, 60 definition, baseline data, S baseline samples, S epidemiology, 98 trace elements. vi dehydrase, 54 densitometry, 24 dental effects, 3, 22, 24, 57, 60, 61, 77
detergents, 48, SO, 69 diabetes, 3 2, 3 3 2,34Wninonapthelene, 85 diarrhea, 65 dihydroxycholecalciferol, 44 dimethylbenzanthraceno-croton oil cocarcinogenesis, 61 dimethyldiselenide, 59 diphenylcarbazide, 85, 86 diseases, acute-reaction, 10 classiilcation, 10 geographic incidence, 1 health-related, 10 long-incubation period, 10 maps, 2, S, 11, 103 mineral-related syndromes (table), 16 multiple exposure, 10 multiple-factored, 10 dogs,24,6S drainage basins, S 8 reconnaissance surveys, 11 ducks, 66 Duggan, Muriel, vii dwarfed vegetation, 31 dyspnea, 51 Eh, 7,59,69 ecosystem, 11, 99, 100 edema, 57, 66 egs,S2,61 Egypt, 33, 52 elastin, 73, 74 elastomer, 65 elderberry, 23 electron-probe analyses, 82, 85 electrophoresis, 81 emission spectroscopy, 38, 81, 85,86 endocrine system, 41 enteritis, S 2 environmental composition, change with time (table), 95 Environmental Protection Agency, 94 enzymes, 32, 38, SO, 73, 100, 101 fluorine,24,38 epidemiology, 98 defmition, 98 difficulties, 101 environmental influences, 99 erythrocytes, 54 estuaries, 24 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 69 evaporite basins, fluorine, 22 lithium, 36, 37 excitation chamber, 86 excretion, 74 exudative diathesis, 60 eye, 71 Fanconi syndrome, 44 Farm Chemicals Handbook, 1970, 9 fat, SO feathers, 60, 73 Federal Water Quality Administration, 94 ferns, 31 ferroxidase, 73 fertilizers, 48, 49, Sl, 69, 71, 77,91 trace elements, 8 fu, 31 fuh (see allo the names of individual types), 24, 25, 85 Oame photometry, 81,85 Reischer, Michael, iii, lOS flour, Sl, 74 fluorapatite, 24 N-2-fluorenylacetamide, 61 fluorescence, 85 fluoridation, 25 fluorine, 1, 3, 22ff., 36, 101, 104 agricultural practices, 9 analytical contaminations, 80 analytical methods, 80; (table), 83 animals,24,94 anti-enzyme properties, 24 Arizona, Willcox Basin, 22 atmosphere transfer, 10 dental effects, 3, 22, 24 East Africa lakes, 22 fertilizers, 9 fuh, 24,76 geochemistry, 22 Great Salt Lake, 22 groundwater, 22; U.S. (map), 23 health effects, 24 industrial emissions (table), 25 plants, 23, 94 pollution, 2, 24 research recommendations, 25 rocks (table), 23 seawater, 22 sources, 22 tea, 23, 24 volcanic gas, 22 water (table), 23 fluorometric analyses, 85 fluorosis, 22, 24 fly ash, 9, 41,65 focal myocardial necrosis, 57 foliar lesions, 24 Fonaroff, L. Schuyler, iii food, 3, 7, 9, 10, 91 cadmium (table), 45, 46 processing, 20 zinc (table), 46 forage, 23, 52, 58, 60, 66, 91, 92 lithium (table), 40 Forbes, Richard M., lOS freons, 25 fruits, 31, 74 fuels,48,S3,61,69, 77,104 trace elements, 1 0 Fulkerson, William, 1 OS Galke, June, iii galvanizing,43,44,SO,S1 gas-liquid chromatography, 86 geochemical environment, conclusions, 11 geochemistry, chromium, 29 copper, 68 groundwater, 7 iodine, 26 lithium, 36 molybdenum, 69 selenium, 57 tellurium, 64 geophagia, 52 geriatric studies, 33 germicides, 65 glucose, 29, 100 glucose tolerance factor, 29, 32 glycosuria, 29 goiter, 8, 11, 26-28, 41 world (map), 27 goitrogens, 27 gold, 64 gold telluride, 65 Goldberg, Edward D., lOS Gomez-Garcia, G. G., 72 gossans, tellurium, 65 Index 109 grain (see also the names of individual types), 31, Sl, 58, 60, 71,74 grapes, 32 grass, 71, 91 Great Salt Lake, fluorine, 22 Greenland ice cap, lead, 53 Gross, M. Grant, iii groundwater (see also water), data, 11 fluorine, 22; U.S. (map), 23 geochemistry, 7 lithium, 37 guinea pigs, 66 hair,33,49,62,66, 71, 73,86,92,94, 96, 101, 104 Hambidge, K. Michael, iii, lOS hamsters, SO, 61 Harriss, Robert C., 76, 106 Hart, Stanley R., iii hay,92 hazel nuts, 31 health, cadmium, 4 7 chromium, 32 copper, 72 fluorine, 24 iodine, 27 lithium, 41 selenium, 60 tellurium, 65 heart, 47, 60, 71 heart disease, see cardiovascular disease hematopoiesis, 66 hemoglobin, 73, 104 hens, 61 hepatic degeneration, 60 hepatocytes, 66 hepatolenticular degeneration, 77 herbicides, 24, 91 hexafluoroacetylacetonates, 86 hickory nuts, 7 histidine, S 2 Holland, Heinrich D., iii homeostatic regulation, 32, 45, 52, 54 hookworm, 10, 52
110 Index hooves, 60 Hopps, Howard C., iii, 1 OS hormones, 27 horns, 60 horses, S 1, 60 Horvath, Donald J., 14, lOS human ecology, 99 humans, cadmium, 44 copper intake (table), 70 lead-intake estimates, 54 lead sources, S 3 molybdenum intake (table), 70 sampling techniques, 92 zinc sources, S 1 Hunt, John M., iii hydrocephaly, 66 hydrogen selenide, 64 hydrogen sulfide, 64 hydrogen telluride, 64 hydrofluoric acid, 5, 80, 81 hydroxylapatite, 24 hyperglycemia, 29 hyperphosphaturea, 44 hypersensitivity, 10, 11 hypertension, 10, 11, 4 7, SO hypogammaglobulinemia, S 2 hypogeusia,S2 hyposmia, 52 igneous rocks, fluorine (table), 23 flex glllbra (holly), 7 industrialization, fluoride emission (table), 25 trace elements in food chain, 10 inositol hexaphosphate, 52 insecticides, 24 institute for Environmental Quality of the State of Winois, 53 insulin, 29, 32, 86 international Classification of Disease, 99 intestines, 32, 33, 40, 41, 52, 72, 74 iodine, 1, 26ff., 73, 94, 101 analytical contamination, 80 analytical methods, 80; (table), 82 animals, 8, 26, 94 atmospheric, 28 densitometry, 24 fertilizers, 9 forage level, 8 geochemistry, 26 health effects, 11, 26, 27 isotopes, 27, 28 plants, 26 pollution,27 research recommendations, 28 sources, 26 iodothyronines, 26 ion-probe analyses, 83 Iran, 52 uon,31,36,59,65,69, 72, 73,91, 101, 104 plant rejection, 7 plant uptake, pH, 8 iron oxide, 7 iron tellurate, 65 itai-itai disease, 44. 4 7 Janda, Richard J., lOS Japan, Jintsu River valley, 44,45 jejunum, 72 Jenne, Everett A., lOS Jordan, Jerusalem, 33 Jordan River valley, 33 Jorden, Roger, lOS juxtaglomerula apparatus, SO Kamp-Nielsen, L., 76 kaolinite, 36 Keil, Klaus, iii kidney (see alw renal), 33, 41, 44, 47, 48, 51, 57, 71, 74 Krook, Lennart, S 1, 1 OS Kubota, Joe, iii, 1 OS lactation, 73 Laitinen, Herbert A., lOS lakes, alum, 39 East Africa, fluorine, 22 Great Salt Lake, fluorine, 22 Lakin, Hubert W., lOS lambs, 8, 73 lameness, 24 laterite, 30 laurel, 31 lead, 1-3,44, 48, 49, 51, 53ff., 65, 85, 101, 103 alkyls,S3 analytical methods, 81 animals, 54 atmospheric, 10, 53, 93 biochemistry, 54 fertilizers, 9 human-intake estimates, 54 human sources, 53 plants, 54, 92 research recommendations, 54 sewage, 9, 10 soils, 53 toxicology, 54 lead phosphate, 85 lead tellurate, 65 leaves, 31, 32, 38, 53, 54, 70, 94 legumes, 71, 74 lepidolite, 36 leprosy, 10, 65 lettuce, 7 lichen, 31 lipment calcification, 24 ligands, 53, 54, 72 lipid metabolism, SO lipid plaques, 29 lipoamidehydrogenase, 54 lipotropic factors, 61 lithium, 1, 36ff., 104 analytical methods, 81 brines, 37 evaporite basins, 36, 37 fertilizers, 9 forage and produce (table), 40 geochemistry, 36 groundwater, 37 health effects, 41 mammals, 40, 94 plants, 38, 39, 94 pollution,41 research recommendations, 41 rocks and soils (table), 37 sewage, 9 toxicity, 37, 38 water, 37; U.S. (map), 38 weathering, 36, 37 lithium carbonate, 39 lithium nitrate, 39 lithium sulfate, 3 7 liver (see also hepatic degeneration), 8, 33, 47, 51, 57, 60, 61, 71, 72, 74, 76, 77,94 long-incubation diseases, 1 0 longitudinal study, 99 Lucas, Henry L., 1 OS lung, 47 lupines, 32 Lycium sp., 39 Lycwm barbtuum, 39 lysimeter studies, 9 lysine, 74 lysyl oxidase, 74 magnesium, vi, 8, 29, 31, 36, 37 mammals (see aw animals) lithium content, 40 manganese, 68, 91,92 plant accumulation, 7 plant uptake, pH, 8 recycled solid waste, 10 manganese oxide, 7, 69 manure, pigs, 10; (table), 75 maple, 31 maps, disease, 2, 5, 11, 103 coronary heart disease, U.S., 39 goiter, world, 27 groundwater, fluoride, U.S., 23; lithium, U.S., 38 selenium in plants, U.S., 58 Marienfeld, Carl, iii mass spectrometer, 82 Matrone, Gennard, 72, lOS mental disorders, 36 mental illness, 41, 74 mercury, 3, 49, 76, 103 mercury drop electrode, 85 mercury tellurate, 65 mercury telluride, 65 Mertz, Walter, iii, lOS metabolism, SO, 54, 60, 62, 71-73, 76 metal fume fever, 51 metallothionein, SO methylisobutylketone, 86 methylselenocysteine, 59 rnice,29,60,61,66 microradiography, 24 midbrain, 40 milk,41,52,60, 74
Mississippi River, chromium, 30 mitochondrial membranes, 86 moUuscicides, 76 molybdate, chemistry, 72 molybdenite, 69 molybdenum, I, 69ff., 91, 94, 101 animals, 71;(table), 72 atmospheric fallout, 76 chemistry, 72 copper relations, 68, 73 dietary sources, 74 fertilizers, 9 geochemistry, 69 human intake (table), 70 plants, 7, 9, 31, 70 plants, pH uptake, 8 poUution, 74 research recommendations, 76 rocks (table), 69 sewage, 9 soils, 69 sources (iUus.), 74 toxicity, 68, 69, 72, 73 water, 70 weathering, 68 molybdenum sulfate, 72 monkeys, 29,60 Montana, East Helena, cadmium, 44,49 Morrison, George H., 1 OS mosses, 31 movement of material (table), 95 mucosa, 52 multiple-exposure diseases, 1 0 muscle,47,60, 71,74,94,96 muskmelon, boron, 7 mustard, 59 Muth, 0. H., 105 mycotoxins, 61 myocardial hemorrhage, 66 myocardium, 60 myopathy, 60 NPK (nitrogen-phosphorus- potassium), 8 animal uptake, 8 National Academy of Sciences, ii, 53, 54 Division of Earth Sciences, vii Division of Medical Sciences, vii Report Review Committee, ii Subcommittee on the Geochemical En· vironrnent in Relation to Health and I>Uease, iii, v, 1, 102; Methods and Sampling Work Group, 80, 90; Over· view Work Group, 15, 103 U.S. National Committee for Geochem· is try, iii, vii, 1 National Air Surveillance Network, 44 National Bureau of Standards, S 1, 94 biological standards, S 1; (table), 95 National Center for Health Statistics, 99, 100 National Health Survey, 49 National Heart Institute, 100 Nationallnstitutes of Health, 104 National Research Council, Agricultural Board, 8 Governin& Board, ii National Science Foundation, v Division of Environmental Systems and Resources, vii Research Applied to National Needs, v natural materials, trace elements (table), 4 nausea, 66 neonatal ataxia, 73 Nereis, 16 neuroendocrine tissue, 41 neuromuscular functioning, 27 neurons, adrenergic sympathetic central, 41 neutron-activation analyses, 80, 85, 86 New Brunswick, Miramichi River, copper and zinc, 76 New Mexico, Four Comers Electrical Power Plant, chromium, 33,41 Newberne, Paul M., iii, vii, 105 nickel, 29, 3o-32, 49, 81 nickel combustion-bomb, 81 Nicotia1Ul spp., 39 afrlnis, 39 tobaccum, 39 Nigeria, 33 nitrate, 9 animal effects, 8 nitrate reductase, 71 nitric acid, 85 nitrogen, 65, 74, 75, 77 animals, 8 plants, 8 nitrogenase, 71 nylon sieves, 91 Nys111 (black gum tree), 7 sylvotico biflora, 91 oats, 32,49 O'DeU, Boyd L., 1 OS Ohlrogge, Alvin J., 15 Oldfteld, James E., lOS onions, 39 orange juice, 7 osteoclasts, 5 1 osteogenesis, 24 osteomalacia, 44 osteopenic conditions, 24 osteoporosis, 3, 24 ovaries, 40 oxidative decarboxylation, 54 oxygen-flask combustion, 81,85 oxygen plasma, 86 oysters, 25, 74 pH, 7,8,31,33,49,58,59,65,69, 76 trace element uptake, 8 paleopathology, 104 pancreas, 40, 4 7, 60, 71 fibrotic degeneration, 60 paralysis,65,66 parasites, 11, 52 Parr-bomb oxygen flask, 81 peanut oil, 66 - -- - -- ---·---- peas, 32 peat, 69,92 2,4-pentanedione, 86 4 methyl-2-pentanon, 87 pentlandite, 64 pepper, 38,41 peptides, 74 perchloric acid, 85 periosteal hyperoatasis, 24 pesticides, 49, 91 heavy metal, 9; (table), 9 Petrie, William L., iii petroleum, 69 Phosphoria Formation, 30, 31 phosphorus,l0,24,49,50, 15 animals, 8, 24 plants, 8 photon-activation analyses, 80 photosynthesis, 76 Index 111 phthalic anhydride, 86 physiography, health, and disease, 11 phytate, SO, 52 pickleweed, 39 Pierce, James 0., lOS pigmentation, 73 pigs, 10,24,60, 72, 73, 75,76 manure, 75; (table), 75 recycled manure, 10, 15 Pimephales promeltu (flathead minnow), 76 pine, 31 Pinus flexilus (limber pine), 65 Pinus ponderoSII (ponderosa pine), 31 pituitary. 71 placenta, 40 placental transport, 32 plankton, 26, 76 plants (see also the names of individual types) chromium, 31; (table), 31 copper(table), 70,71 copper in fertilizer (table), 71 dwarfed, 31 fluoride uptake, 23 iodine, 26 lead, 53,54 lithium, 38 metal-accumulating, 7 molybdenum, 70 sampling contamination, 92 sampling techniques, 91 selenium, 59; U.S. (map), 58 trace elements, 7, 11; (table), 7 trace elements, value, 7 zinc, 8 plasma, 61, 94,96 platelet function, SO platinum, 82 polarography, 86 poUution, 104 cadmium,48 chromium, 33 copper, 74 nuorine,24 iodine, 27
112 Index lithium, 41 molybdenum, 74 selenium, 61 teUurium, 66 polyethelene, 80, 81, 94 polypeptides, 73, 76 polyvinylchloride, 48 poppies, 39 Populu1 tremu/oides (aspen), 31 pork, 52 porphyrin, 54, 73 potassium, 8, 37, 38, 75, 81 agricultural technology, 8 potassium chloride, 38 potassium dichromate, 32 potatoes, 7, 32, 38, 40,41 poultry (see a/w the names of individual types), 57, 60, 61, 73 pregnancy, 32,66 priorities, summary, 103 prostate, 71 protein, 24, 25, 38, 47, 48, 52, 61,72-74, 77 protein metabolism, 38 protein-calorie malnutrition, 33 proteinurea, 44 PJeUdotsuga ttzXi/olia (Douglas fu), 31 pulmonary changes, 60 pulse anodic stripping, 85 pyrite, 65 pyrrhotite, 64 quartz, 94 RNA, zinc, 52 rabbits, 66 radiochemical separations, 81 radiography, 24 radishes, 92 Ranuncu/u:r sp., 39 rats, 8, 29, 47, SO, 60, 61, 66, 72,92 reconnaissance surveys, 11 recycling, data needed, 20 pig manure, 10, 75 Reed, George W., Jr., iii Reichenstein, F. J. MueUer von, 64 remote humans, study need, 20 renal cortex, 44, 4 7 renal damage, 34 renal tubes, 44, 47, 48,66 reproduction, 24, 26, 41, 60, 73, 76 research recommendations, cadmium, 49 chromium, 33 copper, 76 fluorine, 25 geochemistry and health, 11 iodine, 28 lead, 54 lithium, 41 molybdenum, 76 sample preparation, 96 sampling, 96 selenium, 61 storage of samples, 96 teUurium, 66 trace element studies, 103 zinc, 52 respiratory mucosa, 29 rice, 44, 45, 51,92 cadmium and zinc (table), 47 Richter's solution, 32 riffle samplers, 91 rocks (see a/w the names of individual types) chromium content, 29 copper content (table), 69 lithium content (table), 37 molybdenum content, 36; (table), 69 sampling techniques, 94 selenium content, 58 rotameter, 92 rubber, 65 rubidium, 38 rumen, 60 ruminants, 60, 68, 72, 73 rye, 32 salmon, 76 Sa/w/4 sp., 39 sample preparation, 94 sample storage, 94 sampling techniques, 90 Sandstead, Harold H., iii, 52, lOS sarcomata, SO scanning electron microscopy, 85 schistosomiasis, 52 Schroeder, Henry A., vii Scotland, lead, 53 seawater (see a/w water) desalination, 76 fluorine, 22 molybdenum, 69 seborrheic dermatitis, 65 sedges, 91 sedimentary rocks, fluoride (table), 23 selenium, 1, 9, 57ff., 64, 65, 101, 103, 104 analytical methods, 85; biologic material, 85; geologic material, 85 animals, 59 antagonism to cadmium, SO crib death, 61 diet deficiency, 60 fertilizers, 9 health effects, 60 plants, 7, 59, 92; U.S. (map), 58 poUution, 61 research recommendations, 61 relation to vitamin E, 61, 62 rocks, 58 soils, 58, 59 sources and occurrence, 57 teratogenic, 61 toxicity, 60 water, 59 selenium dioxide, 64 selenocystathionine, 59 selenomethionine, 59, 60,85 Sephadex G-25 column, 81 serpentine, 30-3 2 serum, 71, 81, 86 serum albumin, 81,86 serum cholesterol, 27 serum copper, 8 sewage, 8-10,49, SO, 75, 77,86 cadmium, 9, 49 metal content (table), 49, SO trace elements, 10 sheep, 8, 10, 24, 60, 72 shellfiSh, 74 Siever, Raymond, iii silicate minerals, 5, 22 silicon, vi, 81 silicon fluoride, 81 silicone,93 silk sieves, 91 ~ver,44 silver membranes, 93 silver teUuride, 65 skin,47, 71,101 slag,9 Society for Environmental Geochemistry and Health, v sodium, 8, 37, 38, 41, 45, SO, 75 sodium biphenyl, 81 sodium chloride, 40 sodium fluoride, 24 sodium hydroxide, 81 sodium selenite, SO sodium teUurate, 65, 66 sodium teUurite, 65, 66 soils, cadmium and zinc (table), 47 chromium, 31, 40 copper, 69 lead, 53 lithium, 37; (table), 37 maps, 91 minerals, pig manure (table), 75 molybdenum, 69 sampling techniques, 90, 91 selenium, 58, 59 zinc, 51 Solanaceae, 38, 3 9, 41 Solonum sp., 39 solid waste, trace elements, 10 somnolence, 65, 66 Southwest Energy Study, 41 soybeans, 49 spinach, 92 spleen, 33, 71 spodumene, 36 spruce, 31 standards, biological, 95 cadmium, 51 trace elements, 94 Stannleya, 59 steel, 44, 65 stomach, 4 7, 72 stover, 75 streptococcal pharyngitis, 10 suckers (fish), 76 sucrose, SO Sudbury ore, 64
sugar,24,32 sugar beets, 40, 59 adfur,8,57,58,64,65 atmospheric transfer, 10 crop deficiency, 8 adfur dioxide, 64 summary, needs and priorities, 103 superphosphate, 9, 22, 48 swamps, 58 Tardiff, Robert, lOS tea, 23, 24 teeth (~e olio dental effects), 24 Teflon,80,93,94 Teflon-type plastics, 24 tellurium, 1, 64ff., 94 analytical methods, 85 fly ash, 9 geochemistry, 64 health effects, 65 industrial uses, 65 pesticides, 9 pollution, 66 research recommendations, 66 toxicity, 65, 66 tellurium diethyldithiocarbamate, 65 tellurium dioxide, 64, 66 tellurium oxide, 66 tellurium tartrate, 65 teratogenicity, 50, 57, 61,62 1'1111/ictrum sp., 39 thin-layer mercury electrode, 83, 85 thiol receptor sites, 29 5-vinyl-2-thiooxazolidine, 27 thymus, 71 thyroid gland, 27, 40, 41, 71 thyroidal peroxidase, 27 thyroxine, 27, 41 Tilillndalill utneoides (Spanish moss), 23 Tilton, George R., iii Tipton, I. H., 44 tobacco (~e a/10 NicotiiiM), 39-41, 44,50 copper content (table), 40 tomatoes, 8, 92 boron, 8 lithium, 38, 41 zinc, 8 trace elements, accumulator plants, 7; (table), 7 agricultural technology effects, 8 analytical methods, 80; detection limits (table), 84 animal syndromes (table), 16 anomalous-level effects (table), 5 atmospheric inputs, 10 availability, S; biodiagenetically, 7 defanition, vi design of srstems, 99 epidemiological considerations, 98 fertilizers, 8 frequency-distribution data, 11 fuels, 10 groundwater, 7 irrigation effects, 9 natural materials (table), 4 pesticides, 9 plant micronutrients, 9 prediction, 6; (table), 6, 7 recycled solid waste, 10 relation to man (illus.), S sample preparation, 94 sample storage, 94 sampling, 90 silicate minerals, S standards, 94 summary, 103 urban and industrial effects, 10 weathering, 91 trichloracetic acid, 81 triiodothyronine, 27 trifluoroacetylacetone, 86 tuberculosis, 77 tumors, 62 Turkey, 33 turkeys, 60 turnips, 7, 92 Underwood, E. J., 105 U.S. Department of Agriculture, 32, 44 Soil, Plant, and Nutrition Laboratory, 32 U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 99 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10, 44,49, 75 U.S. Geological Survey, 44,94 U.S. National Committee for Geo- chemistry, iii, vii, 1 U.S. Public Health Service, 100 National Community Water Supply Study, 44 University of Illinois, Environmental Ana· lytical Laboratory, 81 uranium, 59 urbanization, trace elements, food chain, 10 urine, 32, 33, 41,47, 49, 62, 72, 74, 81, 85,86,92,94,96, 104 uterus, 40 vanadium, 58, 62 Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 52 Vick, Susan D., 105 virus, 10 vitamin D, 24 vitamin E, 61,62 Vogel, R. C., 81 volcanic ash, 22, 36, 37, 57,58 volcanic gas, 22 vomiting, 66 Voors, A. Wouter, 105 Index 113 water (~e alao groundwater, aeawater) cadmium, 36,44 chromium, 30 copper, 70 fluoridation, 25 fluorine (table), 23 iodine, 26 lithium, 36, 37; U.S. (map), 38 molybdenum, 70 sampling techniques, 93 selenium, 59 zinc, 36 weathering, trace elements, 36, 37, 74,91 Webb, John S., 105 wheat, 32, 39, 49, 51, 52,61 Wilson's disease, 77 W'ankelstein, Warren, Jr., 105 Wixson, Bobby G., iii, 105 wool, 73 Workshop on the Geochemical Environ· ment in Relation to Health and Disease, 1 World Health Organization, 100 wound healing, 3, 52 x-ray emission spectroscopy, 85, 86 x-ray fluorescence, 85 xanthine oxidase, 71 Yoder, Hatten S., Jr., iii zinc, 1-3, 7, 36,43-45,48,49, Slff., 72, 73 analytical methods, 81 atmospheric transfer, 10 fertilizers, 9, 51 humans, 51, 52, 101, 103 institutional food (table), 46 plants, 7-9, 51, 92; soil, pH, 8 relation to cadmium, 43, 47, 104 research recommendations, S 2 rice and soils (table), 4 7 sewage, 9, 10 soil, 51 toxicology, 51 wound healing, 3, 52 zinc-cadmium ratio, biological importance, 43, 47, 50, 52 food (table), 45, 46 zinc-lead interaction, S 1 zinc status of populations, 53 zinc sulfate, chemistry, 72 zinnia, boron, 7 - ----·
