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Notes 1 . U.S. Department of Commerce, Panel on Invention and Innovation, Technological Innova tion : Its Environm en t and Management (Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government Print ing Office, 1 96 7 ) . 2 . U.S. Department of Commerce. Advisory Committee on Industrial Innovation, Final Report. (Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office, 1 9 79.) 3 . National Academy of Engineering, "The Technological Dimensions of International Competitiveness" (Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1 988). 4. R. Kremer and M. E. Mogee, "Two Decades of Research on Innovation: Selected Studies of Current Relevance, " in U.S. Congress, Joint Economic Committee, Special Study on Economic Change, v. 3, Research and Innovation: Developing a Dynamic Nation . 96th Congress, 2d session. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1 980). This was updated in Business-Higher Education Forum, America 's Competitive Challenge: The Need for a Na tional Response (Washington, D.C., 1 983 ). 5 . M.E. Mogee, " Knowledge and Politics in Innovation Policy Design, " in J.D. Roessner, ed., Government Innovation Policy: Design, Implemen tation, Evalua tion (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1 98 8 ) . Also, S.A. Merrill, "The Politics of Micropolicy: Innovation and Industrial Policy in the United States, " in the same volume. 6. D. Allan Bromley, " U.S. Technology Policy: The Path to Competitiveness, " address to the Technology 2000 Meeting, Washington, D.C., November 27, 1 990. 7. The second annual NACS report appeared in February 1 99 1 . Toward a National Semiconductor S trategy: Second Annual Report of the National Advisory Committee on Semiconductors, February 1 99 1 . 8 . J.D. Roessner, "Technology Policy in the United States: Structure and Limitations, " Technovation, 5 ( 1 98 7 ) : 229-245 . 9. Bob Davis, "White House Tries to Distance Itself from Panel Report, " Wall Street Journal, April 26, 1 99 1 . 1 0 . The 1 992 version of the plan was published in May 1 99 1 . U.S. Department of De fense, Critical Technologies Plan (Report to the Committee on Armed Services, U.S. Con gress, 1 99 1 ) . 1 1 . The sectors are: 1 ) aerospace, 2) chemicals and allied products, 3 ) computers and software, 4) construction, 5) drugs and pharmaceuticals, 6) electronic components and equip ment, 7) machine tools, 8 ) motor vehicles, and 9) telecommunications. 1 2. S. Merrill, "The Politics of Micropolicy: Innovation and Industrial Policy in the United States, " Policy Studies Review (May 1 984), pp. 445-452. 1 3 . Council on Competitiveness, Gaining New Ground (Washington, D.C. : 1 99 1 ), pp. 66- 6 7, citing: ( 1 ) Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Trends and Fu ture Tasks in Industrial Technology (Sangyo Gijutsu no Doko to Kadai), Tokyo, October 20, 1 988; and (2 ) Commission of the European Communities, First Report on the State of Science and Technology in Europe, Fall 1 988. 14 . Informal remarks by Senator Jeff Bingaman at a seminar sponsored by the Committee 44
on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy ( COSEPUP) of the National Academies of Sciences and Engineering and the Institute of Medicine, December 1 7, 1 990. 1 5 . B.l. Edelson and R.L. Stem, "The Operations of DARPA and Its Utility as a Model for a Civilian ARPA" ( Washington, D . C . , Johns Hopkins Foreign Policy Institute, 1 98 9 ) . 1 6. Michael Schrage, " Industrial Policy B y Another Name: Allan Bromley's Success a s Science Adviser, " Washington Post, Friday, February 1 5, 1 99 1 , p . F3 . 1 7. Report o f th e National Critical Technologies Panel, p . 1 22 . 1 8 . Technology and Economic Performance, p. 1 9 . 1 9 . DOD's procurement system has been the subject o f scandal for several years. Prob lems in the management of DOD's in-house research labs have been the subject of study by the Defense Science Board. See Daniel Charles, " Report Asks Upgrade of Military R&D Labs, " Science, v . 239, 25 March 1 98 8 : 1 484. 20. Dale W . Jorgenson, " Productivity and International Competitiveness in Japan and the United States, 1 960- 1 985, " presentation made at the Conference on " Japan's Growing Tech nological Capability: Implications for the U . S . Economy, " organized by the Committee on Japan of the National Research Council, October 23 -24, 1 99 1 , National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D . C . 45
