National Academies Press: OpenBook
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

MANAGING GLOBAL GENETIC RESOURCES

Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies

Committee on Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Imperatives

Board on Agriculture

National Research Council

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1993

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
2101 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, D.C. 20418

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.

This material is based on work supported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, under Agreement No. 59-32U4-6-75, and by the U.S. Agency for International Development under Grant No. DAN-1406-G-SS-6044-00. Additional funding was provided by Calgene, Inc.; Educational Foundation of America; the Kellogg Endowment Fund of the National Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Medicine; Monsanto Company; Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.; Rockefeller Foundation; U.S. Forest Service; W. K. Kellogg Foundation; World Bank; and the Basic Science Fund of the National Academy of Sciences, the contributors to which include the Atlantic Richfield Foundation, AT&T Bell Laboratories, BP America, Inc., Dow Chemical Company, E.I. duPont de Nemours & Company, IBM Corporation, Merck & Co., Inc., Monsanto Company, and Shell Oil Company Foundation. In addition, dissemination of the report was supported by the W. K. Kellogg Foundation.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Agricultural crop issues and policies / Committee on Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Imperatives, Board on Agriculture, National Research Council.

p. cm. — (Managing global genetic resources)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-309-04430-8

1. Crops—Germplasm resources—Management. 2. Germplasm resources, Plant—Management. I. National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Imperatives. II. Series.

SB123.3.A47 1993

333.95'316—dc20 93-31987

CIP

Copyright 1993 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be reproduced by any mechanical, photographic, or electronic process, or in the form of a phonographic recording, nor may it be stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or otherwise copied for public or private use without written permission from the publisher, except for the purposes of official use by the U.S. government.

Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project.

Printed in the United States of America

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

Committee on Managing Global Genetics Resources: Agricultural Imperatives

PETER R. DAY, Chairman,

Rutgers University

ROBERT W. ALLARD,

University of Calilfornia, Davis

PAULO DE T. ALVIM,

Comissão Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira, Brasil*

JOHN H. BARTON,

Stanford University

FREDERICK H. BUTTEL,

University of Wisconsin

TE-TZU CHANG,

International Rice Research Institute, The Philippines (Retired)

ROBERT E. EVENSON,

Yale University

HENRY A. FITZHUGH,

International Livestock Center for Africa, Ethiopia

MAJOR M. GOODMAN,

North Carolina State University

JAAP J. HARDON,

Center for Genetic Resources, The Netherlands

DONALD R. MARSHALL,

University of Sydney, Australia

SETIJATI SASTRAPRADJA,

National Center for Biotechnology, Indonesia

CHARLES SMITH,

University of Guelph, Canada

JOHN A. SPENCE,

University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago

Genetic Resources Staff

MICHAEL S. STRAUSS, Project Director

JOHN A. PINO, Project Director

BRENDA BALLACHEY, Staff Officer§

BARBARA J. RICE, Project Associate and Editor

ALWIN Y. PHILIPPA, Senior Program Assistant

*  

Executive Commission of the Program for the Strengthening Cacao Production, Brazil.

  

Winrock International, through January 1990.

  

Through June 1990.

§  

Through November 1989.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

Subcommittee on Plant Genetic Resources

ROBERT W. ALLARD, Chairman

University of California, Davis

AMRAM ASHRI,

The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel

VIRGIL A. JOHNSON,

University of Nebraska (Retired)

RAJENDRA S. PARODA,

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand*

H. GARRISON WILKES,

University of Massachusetts, Boston

LYNDSEY A. WITHERS,

International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, Italy

Crop Vulnerability Work Group

H. GARRISON WILKES, Chairman,

University of Massachusetts, Boston

IVAN W. BUDDENHAGEN,

University of California, Davis

DONALD N. DUVICK,

Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. (Retired)

GARY P. NABHAN,

Native Seed/SEARCH, Tucson, Arizona

National Plant Germplasm System Work Group

CALVIN O. QUALSET, Chairman,

University of California, Davis

JOHN L. CREECH,

U.S. Department of Agriculture (Retired)

S.M. (SAM) DIETZ,

U.S. Department of Agriculture (Retired)

MAJOR M. GOODMAN,

North Carolina State University

A. BRUCE MAUNDER,

DEKALB Plant Genetics, Lubbock, Texas

DAVID H. TIMOTHY,

North Carolina State University

Forest Genetic Resources Work Group

GENE NAMKOONG, Chairman,

U.S. Forest Service and North Carolina State University

KAMALJIT BAWA,

University of Massachusetts, Boston

JEFFREY BURLEY,

Oxford University, United Kingdom

SUSAN S. SHEN,

World Bank, Washington, D.C.

*  

Formerly at Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

Subcommittee on Animal Genetic Resources

HENRY A. FITZHUGH, Chairman,

International Livestock Center for Africa, Ethiopia

ELIZABETH L. HENSON,

Cotswold Farm Park, England

JOHN HODGES,

Mittersill, Austria

DAVID R. NOTTER,

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

DIETER PLASSE,

Universidad Central de Venezuela (Retired)

LOUSE LETHOLA SETSHWAELO,

Ministry of Agriculture, Botswana

THOMAS E. WAGNER,

Ohio University, Athens

JAMES E. WOMACK,

Texas A&M University

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×
This page in the original is blank.
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

Board on Agriculture

THEODORE L. HULLAR, Chairman,

University of California, Davis

PHILIP H. ABELSON,

American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, D.C.

JOHN M. ANTLE,

Montana State University

DALE E. BAUMAN,

Cornell University

WILLIAM B. DELAUDER,

Delaware State College

SUSAN K. HARLANDER,

Land O'Lakes, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota

PAUL W. JOHNSON, Natural Resources Consultant,

Decorah, Iowa

T. KENT KIRK,

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Madison, Wisconsin

JAMES R. MOSELEY,

Jim Moseley Farms, Inc., Clark Hills, Indiana

DONALD R. NIELSEN,

University of California, Davis

NORMAN R. SCOTT,

Cornell University

GEORGE E. SEIDEL, JR.,

Colorado State University

PATRICIA B. SWAN,

Iowa State University

FREDERIC WINTHROP, JR.,

The Trustees of Reservations, Beverly, Massachusetts

SUSAN E. OFFUTT, Executive Director

JAMES E. TAVARES, Associate Executive Director

CARLA CARLSON, Director of Communications

BARBARA J. RICE, Editor

JANET L. OVERTON, Associate Editor

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice-chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

Preface

The crucial role of genetic resources in supporting human society is frequently overlooked and greatly undervalued. They are of tremendous practical and historical significance for human life. They underpin both our daily survival and are responsible for generating a large part of the wealth of nations.

Germplasm is a resource that consists of the genetic materials that can perpetuate a species or a population of an organism. It can be used both to reproduce and, through hybridization and selection, to change or enhance organisms. Conserving genetic resources in the form of crop, livestock, microbial, and tree germplasm is a means of safeguarding the living materials now exploited by agriculture, industry, and forestry to provide food for humans and feed for livestock, fiber for clothing and furnishing, fuel for cooking and heating, and the food and industry products of microbial origin.

Genetic conservation is also an integral part of a still broader activity concerned with protecting and maintaining the quality of air, water, and soil and the many plants, animals, microorganisms, and communities of organisms that help to mold and stabilize the global environment. Conservation ensures that future generations of humans will also benefit from earth's biological resources.

In 1985 the Board on Agriculture of the National Research Council, under the chairmanship of Dr. William L. Brown, concluded that an assessment of the status of global genetic resources important to agriculture was needed. Encouragement for this study came from several government and foundation officials and scientific associations. The National Research Council established the Committee on

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Imperatives in November 1986. The scope of its study was largely restricted to plants, animals, and microorganisms used in commerce or having potential for such use.

Why is it necessary to preserve materials that were originally collected from undeveloped agricultures or from the wild? The success of modern high-yielding crop varieties is such that they tend to replace older peasant varieties even in remote parts of the world. Even though many of the varieties widely grown 20 years ago can still be found, they are also increasingly being replaced. These materials can be important sources of genetic variation. People have also destroyed or altered many natural habitats of wild crop relatives and made them unsuitable for the plants that once grew there.

There is widespread concern among many agricultural scientists about the status of conserved germplasm worldwide. Most collected materials, to be of use, must be evaluated and tested at the expense of considerable effort and resources. If properly conserved and catalogued such material is available to others who may wish to use it. Is enough being done? Is the material already conserved in seed stores and other facilities adequately documented, properly stored and managed, and freely available to anyone with a legitimate need? Does it include all the potentially important genetic information that can still be collected now but which may be disappearing and therefore not available much longer? Are sufficient resources being applied by national governments to their own and to global needs? What priorities have been established and are they correct? What mechanisms are in place for conserving genetic resources?

Conserving the genetic resources of exploited species first arose when humans saved individual or small groups of animals and part of their harvests of gathered seeds, roots, and tubers of plant. They were kept for herd increase and planting. Putting aside the better forms for future use began the long process of selection and improvement responsible for the development of agriculture. The first crop plants and livestock were undomesticated wild species that gave rise, thousands of years later, to modern varieties and breeds. The rediscovery of genetics at the end of the last century gave breeders an explanation of the mechanism of inheritance. The earlier cultivars and breeds and their closely related wild species were sources of useful variation that could be introduced by hybridization. Breeders assembled collections of useful materials that were described, catalogued, and tested and could be saved from year to year. These collections were the first forms of germplasm to be systematically conserved, at least during the working lifetime of the breeder.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

The emergence of plant and animal breeding programs during the first half of this century created a demand for germplasm exchange among breeders and for collecting expeditions and explorations to satisfy the growing need for such crop plant characters as disease resistance, insect resistance, earliness, stiff stalks, and grain quality. At first much of the material collected was wasted because it was not properly stored and regenerated to avoid admixture, nor was it adequately described. Similarly livestock producers wishing to improve the productivity and adaptation of herbs to local conditions imported exotic breeds from other parts of the world. When breeders retired, their stocks were often either discarded as useless or sold for slaughter by colleagues who did not appreciate their value.

In the United States, a nation almost wholly dependent on crop plants and livestock not native in North America, the elements of a national germplasm program evolved from early requests for U.S. travelers abroad to send back seeds or plants of promising trees or crops. From 1836 until 1862, when the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) was established, the U.S. Patent Office distributed seeds and plants from overseas to U.S. farmers. In 1898 a Seed and Plant Introduction Section of USDA began to promote the collection and introduction of new crops. However, it became clear that it was necessary to minimize the risk of bringing in pests and diseases. In the United States, the first plant quarantines were initiative by individual states. California, in 1881, was the first to pass an act to prevent the spread of the grape gall louse from other states. Federal plant quarantine regulations were not adopted until 1912, although drastic legislation had been accepted in Europe and Australia by 1877 to restrict the introduction of the same grape pest from the United States.

Other nations in the developed world followed suit. National plant germplasm collections were established in Germany, France, the Netherlands, Scandinavia, the former Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom. Following World War II and the establishment of the World Bank to aid the economic development of poorer nations, a network of international agricultural research centers (IARCs) began to emerge. These centers were designed to provide both improved germplasm and agronomic research to help developing countries become self-sufficient and improve their agricultural exports to world markets. Among the most visible of the IARCs are those administered by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), a body representing the principal donors that fund its activities. Centro International de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center) and the International Rice Research

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

Institute (IRRI), the first two centers, were established in Mexico and the Philippines, with support from the Ford and Rockefeller foundations. Both centers have seed banks. The IRRI seed bank, with more than 80,000 rice accessions, is the largest for any single crop, with almost complete representation and excellent documentation. The importance of germplasm to the developing world was recognized by the establishment of the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources as part of the CGIAR in 1974 to promote the development of international, regional, and national activities and programs for building a worldwide network of genetic resources centers.

The Committee on Managing Global Genetic Resources was assisted by two subcommittees and several working groups that gathered information or prepared specific reports. As the committee's work progressed it was decided to published its reports in several volumes. This report reviews and comments on the scientific basis for germplasm conservation and the generic issues that apply broadly to the many different kinds of germplasm.

Much of the information the parent committee has drawn on for its review is based on the extensive literature on plant germplasm. Compared with other organisms, considerably more information on crop plant and related species exists. For this reason the report mostly uses plants to discuss the principles and legal, political, economic, and social issues surrounding global genetic resources management as they relate to agricultural imperatives. Other reports in the series Managing Global Genetic Resources are Livestock (1993), Forest Trees (1991), and The U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (1991). In addition a special working group was invited to review plans developed by the USDA for improving the National Seed Storage Laboratory at Fort Collins, Colorado. The committee issued its report, Expansion of the U.S. National Seed Storage Laboratory: Program and Design Considerations, in 1988.

The committee also saw the need for an assessment of the state of science and national and international policies regarding aquatic genetic resources. The diversity of fish and shellfish species worldwide presents a rich resource for development of food for future populations and a resource for germplasm for aquaculture. To date aquatic genetic resources has been a largely neglected area of focus in genetics and conservation management. Although the committee was unable to include a major report on aquatic genetic resources in its series, the committee does emphasize the importance of aquatic germplasm and the need for research and evaluation.

Because the subject of genetic resources is so wide in scope and so important to humankind the committee treated it at length. Even

Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

so, this report is limited to those resources that have identified economic value of importance to agriculture, forestry, and industry. However, it is likely that a wealth of unexplored and unknown materials of value to future generations are also threatened or are being lost. The concepts and methods discussed in this report will be useful for conserving these other materials. In the chapters of this volume the committee provides the background needed to understand its findings and recommendations. The report provides essential information for scientists, policymakers, staff of public and private institutions, development agencies, conservationists, educators, and students.

The report contains an Executive Summary, with the committee's major recommendation; an Overview, which introduces the subject for those readers without a background in genetic conservation; and two parts. Part One addresses basic science issues and entails Chapters 1 to 10. In Chapters 1 and 2 the arguments about the vulnerability of monocultures are reassessed and the adequacy of present systems to protect agriculture from risk in the next century are explored in light of events and experience since publication of the National Research Council's report Genetic Vulnerability of Major Crops in 1972. Chapter 3 discusses the role of in situ conservation and its relation to ex situ conservation. The principles and scientific basis of germplasm collection and management are discussed in Chapters 4 and 5, and ways of identifying useful variability and maximizing its availability to breeders are discussed in Chapter 6. Chapter 7 explores how developments in biotechnology may increase the efficiency of germplasm conservation and use and simplify some of the tasks. Documentation and data management, reviewed and discussed in Chapter 8, are essential if the contents of a germplasm bank are to be known and readily accessible to users. Chapter 9 describes the kinds of genetic stock collections that are globally important and discusses the special problems of safeguarding them. The conservation of microorganisms, discussed in Chapter 10, has all of the problems associated with conserving other kinds of germplasm including maintaining genetic stability in culture, protection of intellectual property rights, data banks, and the establishment of global networks.

Part Two addresses policy issues and entails Chapters 11 to 15. The principles of plant quarantine and the impact of quarantine regulations on exchange and movement of plant germplasm are described in Chapter 11. Chapter 12 reviews the mechanisms used for intellectual property protection of plant materials and their implications for international exchange of plant germplasm. The economic soundness of investing in the collection, preservation, and management of genetic resources is discuss in Chapter 13. It presents an original analysis of

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

the contribution of the IRRI germplasm bank to breeding new rice cultivars for India to exemplify the value of properly managed and accessible germplasm for all crops. Chapter 14 traces genesis of "the North-South debate," which features the industrialized nations of the northern hemisphere and the developing countries of the southern hemisphere. The genesis and operation of the national and International germplasm conservation programs are discussed in Chapter 15.

Conserving genetic resources is an important part of agriculture. These resources, and the environment in which they found, provide our daily bread. What stronger motivation could we possibly need to improve our management and support for them?

PETER R. DAY, Chairman

Committee on Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Imperatives

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

Acknowledgements

Many scientists and policymakers have contributed time, support, and information instrumental to the committee's analyses contained in this report. The committee thanks Robert Craig and Michael Lesnick for including several members of the committee and its staff in the Keystone Center's International Dialogues on Plant Genetic Resources; Henry Shands for support and valuable assistance throughout the project; Robert Weaver for early discussions on conservation and economics; Charles M. Rick for information on tomatoes; and Takuma Tsuchiya for information on barley.

The assistance of Dennis Allsopp, Ivan Bousefield, Les Breese, Paul D. Bridge, Stephen Brush, David L. Hawksworth, Douglas Gollin, William Grant, David A. John, Robert P. Kahn, Steven King, Barbara E. Kirsop, Jan Konopka, James M. Price, Peter H. A. Judith Lyman Snow, and Theo van Hintum is gratefully acknowledged. The committee appreciated the contribution of the individuals throughout its deliberations.

Many other scientists and policymakers assisted by sharing their insights and expertise throughout the study. Numerous scientists and agriculturalists around the world gave us candid assessments of genetic resources activities in their countries. To all of these individuals the committee expresses its gratitude.

While the many subcommittee and work-group participants provided valuable information for this report, the conclusions and recommendations are those of the committee.

Administrative support during various stages of the development of this report was provided by Philomina Mammen, Carole Spalding,

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

Maryann Tully, Joseph Gagnier, and Mary Lou Sutton, and they are gratefully acknowledged. The committee also thanks Joi Brooks and Sherry Showell, interns sponsored by the Midwestern University Consortium for International Activities, for assisting in the development of the report, and Michael Hayes for his editorial work.

The committee also honors the memory of William L. Brown, whose leadership and early vision of the importance of crop genetic resources were crucial to the launching of this effort.

Page xviii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

6

 

USING GENETIC RESOURCES

 

173

   

An Example of Germplasm Use

 

173

   

Breeders' Perceptions and Practices

 

174

   

Users' Perceptions of the Germplasm System

 

179

   

Breeders' Perceptions of Active Collections

 

180

   

Modernization of Active Collections

 

183

   

Evolutionary Processes and Germplasm Use

 

184

   

Recommendations

 

186

7

 

BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GERMPLASM CONSERVATION

 

189

   

Alternatives to Storing Seeds and Whole Organisms

 

190

   

Molecular Conservation Technologies

 

197

   

Recommendations

 

202

8

 

DOCUMENTATION OF GENETIC RESOURCES

 

205

   

Information on Germplasm Collections

 

206

   

Computerization of Germplasm Collection Data

 

210

   

Current Status of Genetic Resources Documentations

 

213

   

Future Developments

 

215

   

Recommendations

 

216

9

 

THE CONSERVATION OF GENETIC STOCK COLLECTIONS

 

219

   

Importance and Use of Genetic Stock Collections

 

220

   

Genetic Stock Collections

 

220

   

Maintaining Genetic Stock Collections of Agricultural Crops

 

227

   

Examples of Genetic Stock Collections

 

229

   

Toward a More Secure Future

 

236

   

Recommendations

 

236

10

 

THE GENETIC RESOURCES OF MICROORGANISMS

 

239

   

Organization of Microbial Culture Collections

 

240

   

Microbial Resources in Culture Collections

 

242

   

Conserving Microbial Diversity

 

244

   

Maintenance of Genetic Stability in Culture

 

245

   

Maintenance in Natural Habitats

 

247

   

Potential of Microbes in the Agricultural, Biotechnological, and Industrial Sectors

 

248

   

Recommendations

 

253

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×
Page xxii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×
This page in the original is blank.
Page xxiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies

Page xxiv Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×
This page in the original is blank.
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×
Page R1
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×
Page R2
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×
Page R3
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×
Page R4
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×
Page R5
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×
Page R6
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×
Page R7
Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×
Page R8
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×
Page R9
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×
Page R10
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×
Page R11
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×
Page R12
Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×
Page R13
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×
Page R14
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×
Page R15
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×
Page R16
Page xvii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×
Page R17
Page xviii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×
Page R18
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×
Page R19
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×
Page R20
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×
Page R21
Page xxii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×
Page R22
Page xxiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×
Page R23
Page xxiv Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×
Page R24
Next: Executive Summary »
Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies Get This Book
×
Buy Paperback | $120.00
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

This anchor volume to the series Managing Global Genetic Resources examines the structure that underlies efforts to preserve genetic material, including the worldwide network of genetic collections; the role of biotechnology; and a host of issues that surround management and use.

Among the topics explored are in situ versus ex situ conservation, management of very large collections of genetic material, problems of quarantine, the controversy over ownership or copyright of genetic material, and more.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!