Guide for the Preservation of Highway Tunnel Systems (2015)

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109 This example is intended to illustrate the steps an agency would take to analyze and prioritize preservation actions for tunnel operations and maintenance. While the example is fictional, manipulated real-world data have been used to illustrate the impact of many different preserva- tion actions in tunnels with varied average daily traffic and conditions. This example is an exten- sion of the example agency’s (Agency X) tunnels and preservation actions presented in the core sections of this guide. The agency has allocated $5,000,000 for the following fiscal year for the preservation of its tunnels. Across its entire transportation system, the agency has defined six LOS categories: 1. Reliability, 2. Safety, 3. Security, 4. Preservation, 5. Quality of service, and 6. Environment. The tunnels in Table D-1 are owned and operated by the agency. The tunnel supervisor has led several internal and external evaluations of the six tunnels in the system and has compiled a list of potential preservation actions. At this point, the tunnel supervisor has presented a list of 32 proposed actions resulting from consultant investiga- tions and recommendations, internal observations, and customers’ complaints to the tunnel owner. The full listing of preservation actions is evaluated for their impact on LOS (shown later in Table D-3; determination of LOS scores is explained in the following). Level-of-Service Score The first step to generate a prioritized list is to analyze how the actions affect the overall LOS. Each action is rated 1 (very little impact) to 5 (great impact) based on how it affects the six agency-established LOS goals. To generate a final LOS score, weights must be applied to the LOS categories based on agency priorities. After discussions, the AAMT has developed the follow- ing LOS weights. In the metric tool used, weighting is completed through percentages. All LOS weights should sum to 100%. A P P E N D I X D Detailed Example

110 Guide for the Preservation of Highway Tunnel Systems Reliability: 20% Safety: 40% Security: 5% Preservation: 18% Quality of Service: 15% Environment: 2% Total = 100% ü OK To determine the LOS score for a preservation action, ratings for each LOS category are multi- plied by the corresponding weight, summed, and then divided by 5 to achieve a score of between 0 and 100. Table D-2 provides an example showing the calculation of the LOS score for replacing the existing trench drains in Tunnel 1. Note that defined levels of service and their associated weights were determined by the AAMT in this example. N/A signifies that no rating was assigned to this LOS standard and is taken as a zero in the calculation. LOS score = [1(20) + 3(40) + 0(5) + 3(18) + 2(15) + 4(2)]/5 LOS score = 232/5 = 46.4 ü OK The remaining preservation actions were rated based on their impact on the six established levels of service. All 32 preservation actions, their ratings, and final calculated LOS scores are summarized in Table D-3. Cost-Effectiveness Score Next, the cost-effectiveness of each preservation action must be considered. The tunnel supervi- sor has compiled the following information for each preservation action to calculate the CE score: • Capital cost (the initial cost of the preservation action in present-value dollars; includes labor and equipment); Tunnel # Average Daily Traffic (x1000) Description 1 40 Rural tunnel on a major Interstate 2 100 High-traffic urban tunnel downtown in a major city 3 30 Low-traffic urban tunnel outside of city 4 19 Very-low-traffic urban tunnel downtown 5 50 Moderately high-traffic tunnel near Tunnel 2 6 75 High-traffic urban tunnel accessing a major city in close proximity to a river Table D-1. Agency X’s tunnels. Levels of Service Reliability Safety Security Preservation Quality of Service Environment LOS Score (Eq. 5-1) Weights 20% 40% 5% 18% 15% 2% Preservation Action Tunnel # Replace existing trench drains 1 1 3 N/A 3 2 4 46.4 Table D-2. Example LOS ratings and LOS score.

Table D-3. LOS ratings and LOS scores for all preservation actions. Levels of Service Reliability Safety Security Preservation Quality of Service Environment LOS Score (Eq. 5-1) Weights 20% 40% 5% 18% 15% 2% Preservation Action Tunnel # Ventilation upgrade to meet NFPA 502 1 1 5 1 5 1 N/A 66.0 Install new LED lights 1 3 4 2 5 4 5 78.0 CO system – repair to operating condition 2 2 5 N/A 4 N/A 2 63.2 Repair active leak in tunnel 4 4 5 N/A 5 5 N/A 89.0 Remove existing concrete tunnel ceiling 6 4 5 N/A 4 5 N/A 85.4 Install flood gates 6 4 4 N/A 5 N/A N/A 66.0 Replace existing trench drains 1 1 3 N/A 3 2 4 46.4 Install manual fire alarm boxes 1 N/A 4 2 2 2 N/A 47.2 Install metal linear heat- detection cable system 1 N/A 5 1 3 N/A N/A 51.8 Black hole effect – apply industrial coating to portals 1 N/A 3 N/A 1 4 N/A 39.6 Groundwater drainage relief hole installation 1 3 3 N/A 5 3 N/A 63.0 Repair/replace ceiling panels at seven locations 2 3 5 N/A 5 2 N/A 76.0 Remove and replace delaminated tile 2 2 3 N/A 5 2 N/A 56.0 Install lane signals every 300 ft within tunnel 2 4 5 1 N/A 4 N/A 69.0 Fire alarm system – repair heat wire to make operational 2 N/A 5 2 3 N/A N/A 52.8 Remove and replace delaminated tile over the roadway 3 3 5 N/A 5 4 N/A 82.0 Remove and replace delaminated tile (walls) 3 2 3 N/A 5 3 N/A 59.0 (continued on next page)

112 Guide for the Preservation of Highway Tunnel Systems Levels of Service Reliability Safety Security Preservation Quality of Service Environment LOS Score (Eq. 5-1) Weights 20% 40% 5% 18% 15% 2% Preservation Action Tunnel # Increase tunnel daytime light level 3 3 4 2 2 4 N/A 65.2 Replace expansion joint material in two locations 4 N/A N/A N/A 4 3 N/A 23.4 Replace fan #3 drive system 4 4 4 N/A 5 2 N/A 72.0 Install transient voltage surge suppressors 4 4 3 N/A 2 N/A N/A 47.2 Repair spalled portal concrete and replace stone facing 5 N/A 5 N/A 5 5 N/A 73.0 Remove and replace delaminated wall tiles 5 N/A 3 N/A 5 2 N/A 48.0 Repair deluge system on exhaust fans 5 4 5 N/A 4 N/A N/A 70.4 Replace fluorescent lights in electrical room 5 N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A 16.0 Install lane signals every 300 ft within tunnel 5 3 5 N/A 2 5 N/A 74.2 Repair spalled concrete tunnel barriers 6 N/A 1 N/A 3 2 N/A 24.8 Repair spalls on arch and walls 6 N/A 3 N/A 5 3 N/A 51.0 Install new CCTV cameras and system 6 3 4 5 N/A 2 N/A 55.0 Install over- height truck detection equipment and system, remove existing 6 4 3 1 4 2 N/A 61.4 Install oil–water separator 6 N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A 5 18.0 Rehabilitate and upgrade existing ventilation system 6 4 5 N/A 3 2 N/A 72.8 Note: N/A signifies that no rating was assigned to this LOS standard, and it is taken as a zero in the calculation. Table D-3. (Continued).

Detailed Example 113 • Agency oversight cost (generally taken as a percentage of the capital cost); • Change in annual costs considering energy, maintenance, closures, reduction in accidents, reduction in staff, and so forth; • Average daily traffic for each tunnel; and • Service life after improvement. See the cost-effectiveness score worksheet in Table D-4 for a summary of all input (white) and output (gray). The following example calculates all output values for the replacement of trench drains in Tunnel 1. Present Value of Life-Cycle Cost (PV of LCC) First, calculate the PV of all future savings (or expenditures) due to the annual change in costs. This must take into account the discount rate. Excel’s PV function considers this through the “PMT” term. However, for complete understanding, see the following example to verify Excel’s calculation. ( ) ( )= +PV annual change in costs 1 i n where Annual change in costs = $3000 (savings), Discount rate, i = 3%, and Remaining life due to preservation action, n = 40 years. Table D-5 shows a summary of the present value of all future savings assuming an annual sav- ings of $3,000 at a discount rate of 3%. PV of all annual savings = $69,344.32, therefore PV of LCC = (capital cost + agency oversight cost) - (PV of all annual savings), and PV of LCC = $270,000 + $27,000 - $69,344.32 = $227,655.68, rounded to $227,656 ü OK. Since the remaining life due to the preservation actions varies greatly, annualizing the cost of the preservation action allows for a uniform comparison. Excel calculates the ALCC through the “PMT” function dependent on the present value, discount rate, and change in remaining life. The following long-hand calculation verifies Excel’s results for the trench drain replacement in Tunnel 1. Table D-4. Cost-effectiveness score worksheet. Pr es er va tio n A ct io n (P A) Tu nn el # C ap ita l C os t ( $) A ge nc y O ve rs ig ht C os t ($) A nn ua l C ha ng e i n C os ts ($ ) PV o f L C C ($ ) R em ai ni ng L ife d ue to P A A D T (x 10 00 ) A LC C ($ ) (E q. 5-5 ) A nn ua l C os t p er D ai ly V eh ic le ($ ) C E Sc or e ( Eq . 5 -6) Replace existing trench drains 1 270,000 27,000 –3,000 227,656 40 40 9,849 0.25 40.6

114 Guide for the Preservation of Highway Tunnel Systems Annualized Life-Cycle Cost ( ) ( )= ∗ ∗ +  + −  −ALCC 1 1 1C i i i An n where ALCC = annualized life-cycle cost, C = capital cost + agency oversight cost, $, i = discount rate, %, n = remaining life resulting from improvement, years, and A = annual change in costs (costs associated with energy, maintenance, closures, reduc- tion in accidents, reduction of staff, etc.), $ (negative if savings). ALCC = ($270,000 + $27,000) * [0.03(1 + 0.03)40]/[(1 + 0.03)40–1] - $3,000 ALCC = $9,848.93, rounded to $9,849 ü OK Considering that each tunnel in the agency’s system has a different ADT, the cost-effectiveness for each preservation action cannot be determined based on ALCC alone. Simply, the ALCC must be broken down further to an ALCC per average daily vehicle. The trench drains in Tunnel 1 are considered again in the following. Annual Cost per Average Daily Vehicle =ACDV ALCC ADT where ACDV = annual cost per average daily vehicle, $, ALCC = annualized life-cycle cost (previously calculated), $, and ADT = average daily traffic (not in thousands), # of vehicles. ACDV = $9,849/40,000 vehicles = $0.246, rounded to $0.25 ü OK Finally, a cost-effectiveness score can be determined based on the ACDV values calculated for each preservation action. For this set of data, a value of 10 is assigned as the multiplier in the Year Annual Savings Year Annual Savings Year Annual Savings 1 $2,912.62 16 $1,869.50 31 $1,199.96 2 $2,827.79 17 $1,815.05 32 $1,165.01 3 $2,745.42 18 $1,762.18 33 $1,131.08 4 $2,665.46 19 $1,710.86 34 $1,098.13 5 $2,587.83 20 $1,661.03 35 $1,066.15 6 $2,512.45 21 $1,612.65 36 $1,035.10 7 $2,439.27 22 $1,565.68 37 $1,004.95 8 $2,368.23 23 $1,520.08 38 $975.68 9 $2,299.25 24 $1,475.80 39 $947.26 10 $2,232.28 25 $1,432.82 40 $919.67 11 $2,167.26 26 $1,391.08 12 $2,104.14 27 $1,350.57 13 $2,042.85 28 $1,311.23 14 $1,983.35 29 $1,273.04 15 $1,925.59 30 $1,235.96 Total Savings $69,344.32 Table D-5. PV of annual savings.

Detailed Example 115 denominator. For more discussion on calibrating the cost-effectiveness score, see Section 5.3.4. As an example, the cost-effectiveness score for trench drains in Tunnel 1 is calculated in the following. Cost-Effectiveness Score [ ] [ ] ( ) ( ) = ∗ > = ∗ CE 100, if 100 ALCC ADT 10 100, otherwise CE 100 ALCC ADT 10 where CE = cost-effectiveness score, ADT = average daily traffic, total (input ADT is multiplied by 1,000), and ALCC/ADT = annual life-cycle cost per daily vehicle. CE = 100/[($9,849/40,000) * 10] = 40.6 ü OK Table D-6 shows a summary of all input (white) and output (gray) of the cost-effectiveness scores for all example preservation actions. Table D-6. Cost-effectiveness scores for all preservation actions. Pr es er va tio n A ct io n (P A) Tu nn el # C ap ita l C os t ( $) A ge nc y O ve rs ig ht C os t ($) A nn ua l C ha ng e i n C os ts ($) PV o f L C C ($ ) R em ai ni ng L ife d ue to P A A D T (x 10 00 ) A LC C ($ ) (E q. 5-5 ) A nn ua l C os t p er D ai ly V eh ic le ($ ) C E Sc or e ( Eq . 5 -6) Ventilation upgrade to meet NFPA 502 1 5,700,000 570,000 –152,500 3,614,495 25 40 207,573 5.19 1.9 Install new LED lights 1 3,400,000 136,000 –71,000 2,479,699 20 40 166,675 4.17 2.4 CO system – repair to operating condition 2 32,000 3,200 0 35,200 20 100 2,366 0.02 100.0 Repair active leak in tunnel 4 10,000 1,000 0 11,000 20 19 739 0.04 100.0 Remove existing concrete tunnel ceiling 6 8,000,000 800,000 –20,000 8,285,405 50 75 322,016 4.29 2.3 Install flood gates 6 8,000,000 320,000 0 8,320,000 100 75 263,300 3.51 2.8 Replace existing trench drains 1 270,000 27,000 –3,000 227,656 40 40 9,849 0.25 40.6 Install manual fire alarm boxes 1 235,000 23,500 0 258,500 20 40 17,375 0.43 23.0 Install metal linear heat- detection cable system 1 250,000 25,000 0 275,000 20 40 18,484 0.46 21.6 (continued on next page)

116 Guide for the Preservation of Highway Tunnel Systems Table D-6. (Continued). Pr es er va tio n A ct io n (P A) Tu nn el # C ap ita l C os t ( $) A ge nc y O ve rs ig ht C os t ($) A nn ua l C ha ng e i n C os ts ($) PV o f L C C ($ ) R em ai ni ng L ife d ue to P A A D T (x 10 00 ) A LC C ($ ) (E q. 5-5 ) A nn ua l C os t p er D ai ly V eh ic le ($ ) C E Sc or e ( Eq . 5 -6) Remove and replace delaminated tile (walls) 3 78,000 7,800 –2,000 34,340 50 30 1,335 0.04 100.0 Increase tunnel daytime light level 3 502,000 50,200 –12,500 366,232 20 30 24,617 0.82 12.2 Replace expansion joint material in two locations 4 5,000 200 0 5,200 10 19 610 0.03 100.0 Replace fan #3 drive system 4 75,000 7,500 –2,500 45,306 20 19 3,045 0.16 62.4 Install transient voltage surge suppressors 4 24,000 960 0 24,960 20 19 1,678 0.09 100.0 Repair spalled portal concrete and replace stone facing 5 30,000 3,000 0 33,000 20 50 2,218 0.04 100.0 Remove and replace delaminated wall tiles 5 20,000 2,000 0 22,000 50 50 855 $0.02 100.0 Black hole effect – apply industrial coating to portals 1 120,000 12,000 0 132,000 15 40 11,057 0.28 36.2 Groundwater drainage relief hole installation 1 1,596,000 159,600 –5,000 1,668,534 25 40 95,820 2.40 4.2 Repair/replace ceiling panels at seven locations 2 60,000 2,400 0 62,400 50 100 2,425 0.02 100.0 Remove and replace delaminated tile 2 170,000 17,000 0 187,000 50 100 7,268 0.07 100.0 Install lane signals every 300 ft within tunnel 2 400,000 40,000 0 440,000 20 100 29,575 0.30 33.8 Fire alarm system – repair heat wire to make operational 2 5,000 500 0 5,500 20 100 370 0.00 100.0 Remove and replace delaminated tile over the roadway 3 2,900 290 0 3,190 20 30 214 0.01 100.0

Detailed Example 117 Risk-Based Urgency Score The final component required to calculate the overall measure of effectiveness is the RBU score. The tunnel owner has compiled the following information for each preservation action. • Remaining life of asset before the preservation action is implemented. – If the preservation action is installing a new component that is not currently part of the tunnel system (i.e., manual fire alarm boxes in Tunnel #1), then the remaining life = 0. • Original service life of asset. • Current condition of asset. – Rate good (1), fair (2), poor (3), or severe (4). – Rate N/A whenever the proposed preservation action is installing a component that is new to the tunnel system. • Is the preservation action related to a code or standard compliance issue? – Enter yes (Y) or no (N). Table D-6. (Continued). Pr es er va tio n A ct io n (P A) Tu nn el # C ap ita l C os t ( $) A ge nc y O ve rs ig ht C os t ($) A nn ua l C ha ng e i n C os ts ($) PV o f L C C ($ ) R em ai ni ng L ife d ue to P A A D T (x 10 00 ) A LC C ($ ) (E q. 5-5 ) A nn ua l C os t p er D ai ly V eh ic le ($ ) C E Sc or e ( Eq . 5 -6) Install oil–water separator 6 90,000 9,000 0 99,000 20 75 6,654 0.09 100.0 Rehabilitate and upgrade existing ventilation system 6 3,700,000 370,000 0 4,070,000 20 75 273,568 3.65 2.7 Install lane signals every 300 ft within tunnel 5 110,000 4,400 0 114,400 20 50 7,689 0.15 65.0 Repair spalled concrete tunnel barriers 6 700,000 70,000 0 770,000 50 75 29,926 0.40 25.1 Repair spalls on arch and walls 6 1,000,000 100,000 0 1,100,000 50 75 42,752 0.57 17.5 Install new CCTV cameras and system 6 220,000 22,000 0 242,000 20 75 16,266 0.22 46.1 Install over- height truck detection equipment and system, remove existing 6 170,000 17,000 0 187,000 20 75 12,569 0.17 59.7 Repair deluge system on exhaust fans 5 280,000 28,000 0 308,000 20 50 20,702 $0.41 24.2 Replace fluorescent lights in electrical room 5 30,000 1,200 –1,000 16,323 20 50 1,097 0.02 100.0

118 Guide for the Preservation of Highway Tunnel Systems • Risk of an unplanned event probability. – Rate 1 to 3, with 1 representing low probability and 3 representing high probability. Once this information is entered into the metric, the user can then assign an RBU rating of from 1 to 10 considering all of the information collected. Table D-7 shows the RBU score input (white) and output (gray) for the trench drain replacement in Tunnel #1. See Table D-8 for a complete listing of the RBU score summary for all preservation actions. % Life Expended %LE = 100 * (original service life - remaining life)/original service life %LE = 100 * (40 - 2)/40 = 95 ü OK Pr es er va tio n A ct io n Tu nn el # R em ai ni ng L ife Th eo re tic al S er v ic e Li fe % L ife E xp en de d C on di tio n (1 to 4) R eg ul at or y C om pl ia nc e I ss ue ? R isk o f U np la nn ed Ev en t P ro ba bi lit y (1 to 3) R BU R at in g (1 to 10 ) R BU S co re Replace existing trench drains 1 2 40 95 3 N 1 5 50.0 Table D-7. Example risk-based urgency scores. Table D-8. Risk-based urgency scores for all preservation actions. Pr es er va tio n A ct io n Tu nn el # R em ai ni ng L ife Th eo re tic al S er v ic e Li fe % L ife E xp en de d C on di tio n (1 to 4) R eg ul at or y C om pl ia nc e I ss ue ? R isk o f U np la nn ed Ev en t P ro ba bi lit y (1 to 3) R BU R at in g (1 to 10 ) R BU S co re Ventilation upgrade to NFPA 502 1 1 25 96 2 Y 3 8 80.0 Install new LED lights 1 5 20 75 3 Y 1 3 30.0 CO system – repair to operating condition 2 2 20 90 4 Y 1 7 70.0 Repair active leak in ceiling 4 5 50 90 3 N 1 7 70.0 Remove existing concrete tunnel ceiling 6 0 50 100 3 N 1 10 100.0 Install flood gates 6 N/A 100 N/A N/A N 3 6 60.0 Replace existing trench drains 1 2 40 95 3 N 1 5 50.0 Install manual fire alarm boxes 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A Y 3 6 60.0 Install metal linear heat- detection cable system 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A Y 3 8 80.0 Black hole effect – apply industrial coating to portals 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N 1 2 20.0

Detailed Example 119 Table D-8. (Continued). Pr es er va tio n A ct io n Tu nn el # R em ai ni ng L ife Th eo re tic al S er v ic e Li fe % L ife E xp en de d C on di tio n (1 to 4) R eg ul at or y C om pl ia nc e I ss ue ? R isk o f U np la nn ed Ev en t P ro ba bi lit y (1 to 3) R BU R at in g (1 to 10 ) R BU S co re Install lane signals every 300 ft within tunnel 5 N/A N/A N/A N/A Y 1 4 40.0 Repair spalled concrete tunnel barriers 6 2 50 96 2 N 1 2 20.0 Repair spalls on arch and walls 6 5 50 90 2 N 1 2 20.0 Install new CCTV cameras and system 6 N/A N/A N/A N/A N 1 5 50.0 Install over-height truck detection equipment and system, remove existing 6 0 20 100 4 N 3 8 80.0 Install oil–water separator 6 N/A N/A N/A N/A Y 1 3 30.0 Rehabilitate and upgrade existing ventilation system 6 1 25 96 2 Y 3 8 80.0 Note: The condition is rated as N/A whenever the proposed preservation action is installing a component that is new to the tunnel system. Groundwater drainage relief hole installation 1 N/A N/A N/A 4 N 1 7 70.0 Repair/replace ceiling panels at seven locations 2 2 50 96 2 N 1 6 60.0 Remove and replace delaminated tile 2 5 50 90 3 N 1 7 70.0 Install lane signals every 300 ft within tunnel 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A Y 1 4 40.0 Fire alarm system – repair heat wire to make operational 2 0 20 100 4 Y 3 10 100.0 Remove and replace delaminated tile over the roadway 3 5 50 90 4 N 2 8 80.0 Remove and replace delaminated tile (walls) 3 5 50 90 3 N 1 4 40.0 Increase tunnel daytime light level 3 5 20 75 2 Y 1 6 60.0 Replace expansion joint material in two locations 4 1 10 90 3 N 1 1 10.0 Replace fan #3 drive system 4 1 20 95 2 N 1 2 20.0 Install transient voltage surge suppressors 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N 2 4 40.0 Repair spalled portal concrete and replace stone facing 5 2 40 95 2 N 1 1 10.0 Remove and replace delaminated wall tiles 5 1 50 98 2 N 1 4 40.0 Repair deluge system on exhaust fans 5 0 20 100 3 Y 3 8 80.0 Replace fluorescent lights in electrical room 5 2 20 90 2 N 1 1 10.0

120 Guide for the Preservation of Highway Tunnel Systems Urgency Score Urgency score = urgency * 10 Urgency score = 5 * 10 = 50.0 ü OK Table D-8 contains a summary of all input (white) and output (gray) for the RBU scores for all example preservation actions. Overall Measure of Effectiveness Now that all three scores (LOS, CE, and RBU) have been calculated, the overall measure of effectiveness can be determined. To allow for varying agency priorities and goals, weights must be assigned to each score and must add up to 100%. The AAMT has assigned the following weights to each score: LOS score: 35% CE score: 20% RBU score: 45% Total = 100% ü OK To calculate the overall measure of effectiveness, each score is multiplied by the applicable weight and summed. Table D-9 shows the results of this calculation for the trench drain example. The resulting MOE scores will be used to prioritize the improvements. For a complete summary of all scores, see Table D-10. Overall Measure of Effectiveness Total Score = 46.4 * (35/100) + 40.6 * (20/100) + 50.0 * (45/100) Total Score = 46.9 ü OK Prioritization of Preservation Actions Now that all of the preservation actions have been assigned a calculated priority based on total score, they can be sorted from highest to lowest priority. The user has the ability to override this prioritization by entering a user-designated priority. The user priority enables users to consider operational, political, or other factors that affect their planning for project implementation. The user has entered his or her rankings into the “User-Defined Priority” column in Table D-11. Priorities were established with consideration of improving safety; actions that improved safety were ranked higher than those that did not have an impact on safety. Table D-11 shows the full example of the user-defined prioritization of preservation actions. Levels of Service LOS Score CE Score RBU Score MOE Score (Eq. 5-7) Weights 35% 20% 45% Preservation Action Tunnel # Replace existing trench drains 1 46.4 40.6 50.0 46.9 Table D-9. Example measure of effectiveness scores.

Detailed Example 121 Table D-10. Measure of effectiveness scores for all preservation actions. Levels of Service LOS Score CE Score RBU Score MOE Score Weights 35% 20% 45% Preservation Action Tunnel # Ventilation upgrade to meet NFPA 502 1 66.0 1.9 80.0 59.5 Install new LED lights 1 78.0 2.4 30.0 41.3 CO system – repair to operating condition 2 63.2 100.0 70.0 73.6 Repair active leak in ceiling 4 89.0 100.0 70.0 82.7 Remove existing concrete tunnel ceiling 6 85.4 2.3 100.0 75.4 Install flood gates 6 66.0 2.8 60.0 50.7 Replace existing trench drains 1 46.4 40.6 50.0 46.9 Install manual fire alarm boxes 1 47.2 23.0 60.0 48.1 Install metal linear heat-detection cable system 1 51.8 21.6 80.0 58.5 Black hole effect – apply industrial coating to portals 1 39.6 36.2 20.0 30.1 Groundwater drainage relief hole installation 1 63.0 4.2 70.0 54.4 Repair/replace ceiling panels at seven locations 2 76.0 100.0 60.0 73.6 Remove and replace delaminated tile 2 56.0 100.0 70.0 71.1 Install lane signals every 300 ft within tunnel 2 69.0 33.8 40.0 48.9 Fire alarm system – repair heat wire to make operational 2 52.8 100.0 100.0 83.5 Remove and replace delaminated tile over the roadway 3 82.0 100.0 80.0 84.7 Remove and replace delaminated tile (walls) 3 59.0 100.0 40.0 58.7 Increase tunnel daytime light level 3 65.2 12.2 60.0 52.3 Replace expansion joint material in two locations 4 23.4 100.0 10.0 32.7 Replace fan #3 drive system 4 72.0 62.4 20.0 46.7 Install transient voltage surge suppressors 4 47.2 100.0 40.0 54.5 (continued on next page)

122 Guide for the Preservation of Highway Tunnel Systems Levels of Service LOS Score CE Score RBU Score MOE Score Weights 35% 20% 45% Preservation Action Tunnel # Repair spalled portal concrete and replace stone facing 5 73.0 100.0 10.0 50.1 Remove and replace delaminated wall tiles 5 48.0 100.0 40.0 54.8 Repair deluge system on exhaust fans 5 70.4 24.2 80.0 65.5 Replace fluorescent lights in electrical room 5 16.0 100.0 10.0 30.1 Install lane signals every 300 ft within tunnel 5 74.2 65.0 40.0 57.0 Repair spalled concrete tunnel barriers 6 24.8 25.1 20.0 22.7 Repair spalls on arch and walls 6 51.0 17.5 20.0 30.4 Install new CCTV cameras and system 6 55.0 46.1 50.0 51.0 Install over-height truck detection equipment and system, remove existing 6 61.4 59.7 80.0 69.4 Install oil–water separator 6 18.0 100.0 30.0 39.8 Rehabilitate and upgrade existing ventilation system 6 72.8 2.7 80.0 62.0 Table D-10. (Continued). Table D-11. Prioritization of preservation actions. Levels of Service LOS Score CE Score RBU Score MOE Score Calculated Priority User- Defined Priority Weights 35% 20% 45% 100% Preservation Action Tunnel # Ventilation upgrade to meet NFPA 502 1 66.0 1.9 80.0 59.5 11 6 Install new LED lights 1 78.0 2.4 30.0 41.3 26 18 CO system – repair to operating condition 2 63.2 100.0 70.0 73.6 5 8 Repair active leak in ceiling 4 89.0 100.0 70.0 82.7 3 7 Remove existing concrete tunnel ceiling 6 85.4 2.3 100.0 75.4 4 13 Install flood gates 6 66.0 2.8 60.0 50.7 20 16

Detailed Example 123 Table D-11. (Continued). (continued on next page) Increase tunnel daytime light level 3 65.2 12.2 60.0 52.3 18 15 Replace expansion joint material in two locations 4 23.4 100.0 10.0 32.7 28 32 Replace fan #3 drive system 4 72.0 62.4 20.0 46.7 25 19 Install transient voltage surge suppressors 4 47.2 100.0 40.0 54.5 16 26 Repair spalled portal concrete and replace stone facing 5 73.0 100.0 10.0 50.1 21 12 Levels of Service LOS Score CE Score RBU Score MOE Score Calculated Priority User- Defined Priority Weights 35% 20% 45% 100% Preservation Action Tunnel # Replace existing trench drains 1 46.4 40.6 50.0 46.9 24 23 Install manual fire alarm boxes 1 47.2 23.0 60.0 48.1 23 14 Install metal linear heat- detection cable system 1 51.8 21.6 80.0 58.5 13 4 Black hole effect – apply industrial coating to portals 1 39.6 36.2 20.0 30.1 31 27 Groundwater drainage relief hole installation 1 63.0 4.2 70.0 54.4 17 22 Repair/replace ceiling panels at seven locations 2 76.0 100.0 60.0 73.6 5 9 Remove and replace delaminated tile 2 56.0 100.0 70.0 71.1 6 21 Install lane signals every 300 ft within tunnel 2 69.0 33.8 40.0 48.9 22 11 Fire alarm system – repair heat wire to make operational 2 52.8 100.0 100.0 83.5 2 1 Remove and replace delaminated tile over the roadway 3 82.0 100.0 80.0 84.7 1 2 Remove and replace delaminated tile (walls) 3 59.0 100.0 40.0 58.7 12 24

124 Guide for the Preservation of Highway Tunnel Systems Evaluations of Funding and Staffing To evaluate the preservation actions that can be accomplished within the funding limit, to identify funding needs for future years, or to evaluate the staffing needs for future years, further analysis is needed. To facilitate these analyses, the user should collect the following information: • Percent of capital cost attributed to labor • Year that preservation action will be funded (This term is most effectively determined through trial and error by adjusting the user-priority values.) Contractor labor, materials, and agency oversight costs are calculated in the following for a project to replace trench drains. An escalation rate of 3% is assumed; the escalation rate is a user-input value that can be adjusted as required. These costs are calculated similarly for other preservation actions, as shown in Table D-12. Labor cost = (% labor) * capital cost Labor cost = (60/100) * $270,000 = $162,000 ü OK Table D-11. (Continued). Levels of Service LOS Score CE Score RBU Score MOE Score Calculated Priority User- Defined Priority Weights 35% 20% 45% 100% Preservation Action Tunnel # Remove and replace delaminated wall tiles 5 48.0 100.0 40.0 54.8 15 25 Repair deluge system on exhaust fans 5 70.4 24.2 80.0 65.5 9 3 Replace fluorescent lights in electrical room 5 16.0 100.0 10.0 30.1 30 30 Install lane signals every 300 ft within tunnel 5 74.2 65.0 40.0 57.0 14 10 Repair spalled concrete tunnel barriers 6 24.8 25.1 20.0 22.7 32 31 Repair spalls on arch and walls 6 51.0 17.5 20.0 30.4 29 28 Install new CCTV cameras and system 6 55.0 46.1 50.0 51.0 19 17 Install over-height truck detection equipment and system, remove existing 6 61.4 59.7 80.0 69.4 8 20 Install oil–water separator 6 18.0 100.0 30.0 39.8 27 29 Rehabilitate and upgrade existing ventilation system 6 72.8 2.7 80.0 62.0 10 5

Detailed Example 125 Labor cost with oversight = (labor cost) + (agency oversight) Labor cost with oversight = $162,000 + $27,000 = $189,000 Materials cost = (capital cost) - (labor cost) Materials cost = $270,000 - $162,000 = $108,000 ü OK Subtotal cost = (labor cost with oversight) + (materials cost) Subtotal cost = $189,000 + $108,000 = $297,000 ü OK Escalation = (subtotal cost) * (1 + escal.)(funding year - 1) - (subtotal cost) Escalation = $297,000 * (1 + 0.03)(5 - 1) - $297,000 = $37,276 ü OK Total cost = (subtotal cost) + escalation Total cost = $297,000 + $37,276 = $334,276 ü OK The agency has allocated $5,000,000 for funding year 1 tunnel preservation actions. Therefore, based on the user’s prioritization, the items in Table D-12 can be completed during funding year 1. It is recommended that the user then analyze the calculated prioritization, total costs, and tun- nel numbers when determining the final user priority. In effect, Table D-12 is the first iteration. For instance, perhaps the next iteration should consider tunnel locations, lane closure require- ments, and staffing. Due to the high cost of rehabilitating and upgrading the existing ventilation system in Tunnel 6, perhaps the agency should consider completing other preservation actions having a high impact on safety that are less costly. This would allow it to accomplish more of its list and save the costly upgrade for when it has more funding. The process outlined herein provides an initial means to compare and prioritize funda- mentally different actions across a system of tunnels; the final prioritization is ultimately up to the user. Using the agency cost information calculated for the prioritized preservation actions, it is pos- sible to estimate the agency staffing needs to support the implementation of the improvements (see Table D-13). The man-hours for the agency staff involved in implementing the preservation actions can be determined by adding a new column for man-hours and dividing the agency cost by an average hourly rate for agency personnel. If the preservation action is to be implemented in the current year, enter 1 in the funding year column to negate escalation. User Priority Tunnel # Description Total Cost ($) 1 2 Fire alarm system – repair heat wire to make operational 5,500 2 3 Remove and replace delaminated tile over the roadway 3,190 3 5 Repair deluge system on exhaust fans 308,000 4 1 Install metal linear heat-detection cable system 275,000 5 6 Rehabilitate and upgrade existing ventilation system 4,070,000 TOTAL FUNDING YEAR 1 4,661,690 Table D-12. Determining funding year for preservation actions.

Us e r - D e f i n e d P r i o r i t y P r e s e r v a t i o n A c t i o n T u n n e l # C a p i t a l C o s t ( $ ) % L a b o r ( 0 t o 1 0 0 ) L a b o r C o s t ( $ ) % A g e n c y L a b o r ( 0 t o 1 0 0 ) A g e n c y L a b o r C o s t ( $ ) A g e n c y O v e r s i g h t C o s t ( $ ) T o t a l A g e n c y L a b o r C o s t ( $ ) T o t a l L a b o r C o s t w i t h A g e n c y O v e r s i g h t ( $ ) M a t e r i a l s C o s t ( $ ) S u b t o t a l C o s t ( $ ) F u n d i n g Y e a r ( 1 + ) E s c a l a t i o n ( $ ) T o t a l C o s t ( $ ) 1 Fire alarm system – repair heat wire to make operational 2 5,000 50 2,500 0 – 500 500 3,000 2,500 5,500 1 – 5,500 2 Remove and replace delaminated tile over the roadway 3 2,900 75 2,175 0 – 290 290 2,465 725 3,190 1 – 3,190 3 Repair deluge system on exhaust fans 5 280,000 50 140,000 0 – 28,000 28,000 168,000 140,000 308,000 1 – 308,000 4 Install metal linear heat- detection cable system 1 250,000 60 150,000 0 – 25,000 25,000 175,000 100,000 275,000 1 – 275,000 5 Rehabilitate and upgrade existing ventilation system 6 3,700,000 20 740,000 0 – 370,000 370,000 1,110,000 2,960,000 4,070,000 1 – 4,070,000 6 Ventilation upgrade to meet NFPA 502 1 5,700,000 20 1,140,000 0 – 570,000 570,000 1,710,000 4,560,000 6,270,000 2 188,100 6,458,100 7 Repair active leak in ceiling 4 10,000 50 5,000 0 – 1,000 1,000 6,000 5,000 11,000 2 330 11,330 8 CO system – repair to operating condition 2 32,000 80 25,600 0 – 3,200 3,200 28,800 6,400 35,200 2 1,056 36,256 Table D-13. Total costs for funding and staffing.

9 Repair/ replace ceiling panels at seven locations 2 60,000 50 30,000 100 30,000 2,400 32,400 32,400 30,000 62,400 2 1,872 64,272 10 Install lane signals every 300 ft within tunnel 5 110,000 50 55,000 0 – 11,000 11,000 66,000 55,000 121,000 2 3,630 124,630 11 Install lane signals every 300 ft within tunnel 2 400,000 50 200,000 0 – 40,000 40,000 240,000 200,000 440,000 2 13,200 453,200 12 Repair spalled portal concrete and replace stone facing 5 30,000 50 15,000 0 – 3,000 3,000 18,000 15,000 33,000 3 2,010 35,010 13 Remove existing concrete tunnel ceiling 6 8,000,000 65 5,200,000 0 – 800,000 800,000 6,000,000 2,800,000 8,800,000 3 535,920 9,335,920 14 Install manual fire alarm boxes 1 235,000 60 141,000 0 – 23,500 23,500 164,500 94,000 258,500 3 15,743 274,243 15 Increase tunnel daytime light level 3 502,000 50 251,000 0 – 50,200 50,200 301,200 251,000 552,200 3 33,629 585,829 16 Install flood gates 6 8,000,000 50 4,000,000 100 4,000,000 320,000 4,320,000 4,320,000 4,000,000 8,320,000 4 771,489 9,091,489 17 Install new CCTV cameras and system 6 220,000 50 110,000 100 110,000 11,000 121,000 121,000 110,000 231,000 4 21,420 252,420 (continued on next page)

Us e r - D e f i n e d P r i o r i t y P r e s e r v a t i o n A c t i o n T u n n e l # C a p i t a l C o s t ( $ ) % L a b o r ( 0 t o 1 0 0 ) L a b o r C o s t ( $ ) % A g e n c y L a b o r ( 0 t o 1 0 0 ) A g e n c y L a b o r C o s t ( $ ) A g e n c y O v e r s i g h t C o s t ( $ ) T o t a l A g e n c y L a b o r C o s t ( $ ) T o t a l L a b o r C o s t w i t h A g e n c y O v e r s i g h t ( $ ) M a t e r i a l s C o s t ( $ ) S u b t o t a l C o s t ( $ ) F u n d i n g Y e a r ( 1 + ) E s c a l a t i o n ( $ ) T o t a l C o s t ( $ ) 18 Install new LED lights 1 3,400,000 30 1,020,000 0 – 340,000 340,000 1,360,000 2,380,000 3,740,000 4 346,799 4,086,799 19 Replace fan #3 drive system 4 75,000 50 37,500 0 – 7,500 7,500 45,000 37,500 82,500 5 10,354 92,854 20 Install over- height truck detection equipment and system, remove existing 6 170,000 50 85,000 0 – 17,000 17,000 102,000 85,000 187,000 5 23,470 210,470 21 Remove and replace delaminated tile 2 170,000 75 127,500 0 – 17,000 17,000 144,500 42,500 187,000 5 23,470 210,470 22 Groundwater drainage relief hole installation 1 1,596,000 70 1,117,200 0 – 159,600 159,600 1,276,800 478,800 1,755,600 5 220,343 1,975,943 23 Replace existing trench drains 1 270,000 60 162,000 0 – 27,000 27,000 189,000 108,000 297,000 5 37,276 334,276 24 Remove and replace delaminated tile (walls) 3 78,000 75 58,500 0 – 7,800 7,800 66,300 19,500 85,800 5 10,769 96,569 Table D-13. (Continued).

Detailed Exam ple 129 27 Black hole effect – apply industrial coating to portals 1 120,000 70 84,000 0 – 12,000 12,000 96,000 36,000 132,000 5 16,567 148,567 28 Repair spalls on arch and walls 6 1,000,000 75 750,000 0 – 100,000 100,000 850,000 250,000 1,100,000 5 138,060 1,238,060 29 Install oil– water separator 6 90,000 50 45,000 0 – 9,000 9,000 54,000 45,000 99,000 5 12,425 111,425 30 Replace fluorescent lights in electrical room 5 30,000 70 21,000 100 21,000 1,200 22,200 22,200 9,000 31,200 5 3,916 35,116 31 Repair spalled concrete tunnel barriers 6 700,000 75 525,000 0 – 70,000 70,000 595,000 175,000 770,000 5 96,642 866,642 32 Replace expansion joint material in two locations 4 5,000 70 3,500 100 3,500 200 3,700 3,700 1,500 5,200 5 653 5,853 25 Remove and replace delaminated wall tiles 5 20,000 75 15,000 0 – 2,000 2,000 17,000 5,000 22,000 5 2,761 24,761 26 Install transient voltage surge suppressors 4 24,000 50 12,000 0 – 2,400 2,400 14,400 12,000 26,400 5 3,313 29,713

Abbreviations and acronyms used without definitions in TRB publications: A4A Airlines for America AAAE American Association of Airport Executives AASHO American Association of State Highway Officials AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACI–NA Airports Council International–North America ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program ADA Americans with Disabilities Act APTA American Public Transportation Association ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATA American Trucking Associations CTAA Community Transportation Association of America CTBSSP Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program DHS Department of Homeland Security DOE Department of Energy EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FHWA Federal Highway Administration FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration FRA Federal Railroad Administration FTA Federal Transit Administration HMCRP Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers MAP-21 Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (2012) NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASAO National Association of State Aviation Officials NCFRP National Cooperative Freight Research Program NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Program NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NTSB National Transportation Safety Board PHMSA Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration RITA Research and Innovative Technology Administration SAE Society of Automotive Engineers SAFETEA-LU Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (2005) TCRP Transit Cooperative Research Program TDC Transit Development Corporation TEA-21 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (1998) TRB Transportation Research Board TSA Transportation Security Administration U.S.DOT United States Department of Transportation

TRA N SPO RTATIO N RESEA RCH BO A RD 500 Fifth Street, N W W ashington, D C 20001 A D D RESS SERV ICE REQ U ESTED ISBN 978-0-309-37486-6 9 7 8 0 3 0 9 3 7 4 8 6 6 9 0 0 0 0 N O N -PR O FIT O R G . U .S. PO STA G E PA ID C O LU M B IA , M D PER M IT N O . 88 G uide for the Preservation of H ighw ay Tunnel System s N CH RP Report 816 TRB