Geofoam Applications in the Design and Construction of Highway Embankments (2004)

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D-1 APPENDIX D BIBLIOGRAPHY

D-2 APPENDIX D BIBLIOGRAPHY Contents D.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................D-2 D.2 General ..................................................................................................................................D-3 D.3 Material Properties and Constitutive Modeling ..................................................................D-12 D.4 Lightweight Fill Applications .............................................................................................D-17 D.5 Design Manuals...................................................................................................................D-46 D.6 U.S. Patents .........................................................................................................................D-48 ______________________________________________________________________________ D.1 INTRODUCTION A bibliography of publications deemed relevant to the specific goals of the overall project that were obtained and reviewed are contained in this Appendix. This bibliography is based primarily on literature reviewed prior to April 2000. It is intended that this bibliography serve not only as documentation for this project but as a resource for future related research by others. Note that the entries in this bibliography are divided into three broad categories: • Publications of an overall general and descriptive nature. • Publications that focus on the engineering properties of block-molded EPS, whether in general or explicitly for geofoam applications. • Publications that focus on the use of EPS-block geofoam for applications that involve the function of lightweight fill. Because of the size of this category and the specific needs of this project, this section was further subdivided into: ƒ publications of a general nature (typically case histories),

D-3 ƒ publications that contain design manuals or guidelines developed previously by others, and ƒ known U.S. patents (both expired and active). In addition, a wide variety of manufacturer's literature from around the world was obtained and reviewed as general background information for this study. However, this literature is neither listed herein nor cited in this report as it was collectively judged to have little permanent scientific value. In addition to the geofoam-related publications documented in this Appendix, a number of miscellaneous publications were found. These publications are cited where appropriate throughout this report. D.2 GENERAL Baker, A., editorial. Geosynthetics World, Geosynthetics Publications, Ltd., U.K., Vol. 5, No. 2 (1995) p. 3. Baker, A., "Feature: EPS Geofoam Geosynthetic". Geosynthetics World, Vol. 5, No. 2 (1995), p. 5. Baker, A., "Foam Foundations: Why On Earth Not?". Shell Chemicals Europe Magazine, No. 4 (1995) pp. 9-12. Bergstrom, T., editorial letter. Civil Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Va., U.S.A., Vol. 68, No. 11 (1998) p. 8. Beinbrech, G. and Hohwiller, F., “Polstergründungen Hartschaum aus Styropor Als Deformations- und Polsterschicht”. Tiefbau, Germany (1998).

D-4 Bhatia, S. K., "From the Editor’s Corner". Geotechnical News, BiTech Publishers Ltd., Richmond, B.C., Canada, Vol. 14, No. 2 (1996) p. 24. “Construyen Puentes con Bases de Espuma”. El Llanquihue, No. 34088, Puerto Montt, Chile (1997), p. A9. "EPS". Expanded Polystyrol Construction Method Development Organization, Tokyo, Japan (1993) 310 pp. (in Japanese). “EDO - The 10th Anniversary”. EPS Construction Method Development Organization, Tokyo, Japan (1996) 50 pp. (in Japanese). “EPS in de GWW; Voor Zettingsvrije Onderhoudsarme Toepassingen”. Stybenex, Zaltbommel, The Netherlands (undated) 32 pp. “Geofoam Building Wide Acceptance”. Newsline, EPS Molders Association, Crofton, Md., U.S.A., Vol. 1, No. 1 (1998) pp. 1 and 4. Horvath, J. S., "The Case for an Additional Function". IGS News, International Geotextile Society, Vol. 7, No. 3 (1991) pp. 17-18. Horvath, J. S., "'Lite' Products Come of Age; New Developments in Geosynthetics". Standardization News, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.A., Vol. 20, No. 9 (1992) pp. 50-53.

D-5 Horvath, J. S., "Dark, No Sugar: A Well-Known Material Enters the Geosynthetic Mainstream". Geotechnical Fabrics Report, Industrial Fabrics Association International, St. Paul, Minn., U.S.A., Vol. 10, No. 7 (1992) pp. 18-23. Horvath, J. S., "Geofoam Geosynthetics: An Overview of the Past and Future". Geosynthetics World, Geosynthetics Publications, Ltd., U.K., Vol. 3, No. 1 (1993), pp. 15-17 with corrections in Vol. 4, No. 1 (1993), p. 31. Horvath, J. S., corrections to "Geofoam Geosynthetics: An Overview of the Past and Future". Geosynthetics World, Geosynthetics Publications, Ltd., U.K., Vol. 4, No. 1 (1993), p. 31. Horvath, J. S., "Computer Software for Load-Deformation and Geothermal Analyses in Problems Involving Geosynthetics". Geotextiles and Geomembranes, Elsevier Science Ltd., London, U.K., Vol. 12, No. 5 (1993) pp. 425-433. Horvath, J. S., "Geosynthetics in Residential Construction". Building Research Journal, Building Research Council, University of Illinois, Champaign, Ill., U.S.A., Vol. 3, No. 1 (1994) pp. 67-68. Horvath, J. S., "Geosynthetics in Residential Construction". Geotechnical Fabrics Report, Industrial Fabrics Association International, St. Paul, Minn., U.S.A., Vol. 12, No. 3 (1994) pp. 22-23. Horvath, J. S. (ed.), "Proceedings; International Geotechnical Symposium on Polystyrene Foam in Below-Grade Applications; March 30, 1994; Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A.", Research Report No. CE/GE-94-1, Manhattan College, Bronx, N.Y., U.S.A. (1994).

D-6 Horvath, J. S., “Development of the North American Market for Rigid Cellular Polystyrene as Geofoam Geosynthetic”. Horvath Engineering, P.C., Scarsdale, N.Y., U.S.A. (1994). Horvath, J. S., “Development of the North American Market for Rigid Cellular Polystyrene as Geofoam Geosynthetic - Addendum No. 1”. Horvath Engineering, P.C., Scarsdale, N.Y., U.S.A. (1994). Horvath, J. S., "'Lite' Products Come of Age; New Developments in Geosynthetics". Standardization News, special issue published jointly by the American Society for Testing and Materials and Chinese Association for Standardization (1994) pp. 26-29 (in Chinese). Horvath, J. S., “Geofoam Geosynthetic”. Horvath Engineering, P.C., Scarsdale, N.Y., U.S.A. (1995) 229 pp. Horvath, J. S., feature interview. Geosynthetics World, Geosynthetics Publications, Ltd., U.K., Vol. 5, No. 4 (1995) pp. 12-15. Horvath, J. S., "EPS Geofoam: New Products and Marketing Trends". Geotechnical Fabrics Report, Industrial Fabrics Association International, St. Paul, Minn., U.S.A., Vol. 13, No. 6 (1995) pp. 22-26. Horvath, J. S., “Development of the North American Market for Rigid Cellular Polystyrene as Geofoam Geosynthetic - Addendum No. 2”. Horvath Engineering, P.C., Scarsdale, N.Y., U.S.A. (1996).

D-7 Horvath, J. S., "Geofoam Developments in North America". Geotechnical News, BiTech Publishers Ltd., Richmond, B.C., Canada, Vol. 14, No. 2 (1996) pp. 25-29. Horvath, J. S., ”Geofoam Geosynthetic: Past, Present, and Future”. Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 1. No. 1 (1996). Horvath, J. S., "Geofoam Conference Draws 320 Attendees to Tokyo". Geotechnical Fabrics Report, Industrial Fabrics Association International, St. Paul, Minn., U.S.A., Vol. 15, No. 1 (1997) pp. 11-12. Horvath, J. S., "Special Issue on Geofoam: Overview and Summary". Geotextiles and Geomembranes, Elsevier Science Ltd., London, U.K., Vol. 15, Nos. 1-3 (1997) pp. 1-3. Horvath, J. S. “Geofoam Geosynthetic: Past, Present, and Future”. Paper prepared for presentation at the EPS Molders Association Second Annual Meeting, Chicago, Ill., U.S.A. (1997). Horvath, J. S., "International Symposium on Geofoam". IGS News, International Geosynthetics Society, Vol. 13, No. 1 (1997) p. 17. Horvath, J. S., "Lectures in South America". IGS News, International Geosynthetics Society, Vol. 13, No. 1 (1997) p. 17. Horvath, J. S., “Geofoam Geosynthetic: Past, Present, and Future”. Paper prepared for presentation at the ACF Environmental Design Seminar on Geosynthetic Technologies, Timonium, Md., U.S.A. (1997).

D-8 Horvath, J. S., “Geofoam Geosynthetic: Past, Present, and Future”. Paper prepared for presentation at the ACF Environmental Design Seminar on Geosynthetic Technologies, King of Prussia, Pa., U.S.A. (1997). Horvath, J. S., “Geofoam Geosynthetic: Past, Present, and Future”. Paper prepared for presentation to the State of Delaware Department of Transportation, Dover, Del., U.S.A. (1997). Horvath, J. S., “Geofoam Geosynthetic: An Assessment of the North American Market”. Notes prepared for distribution to attendees at a confidential presentation to industry, U.S.A. (1997). Horvath, J. S., “Geofoam Geosynthetic: Past, Present, and Future”. Paper prepared for distribution to participants at the Fourth Professor Training Course for Geosynthetics, Auburn University, Auburn, Ala., U.S.A. (1997). Horvath, J. S., “Geofoam Geosynthetic: An Overview of the Past, Present, and Future”. Paper prepared for distribution at the Premier Industries, Inc./Insulfoam Division and Polar Supply Company, Inc. Seminar on Design Issues Related to Geofoam in Arctic Applications, Fairbanks, Ak., U.S.A. (1997). Horvath, J. S., “Geofoam Geosynthetic: An Overview of the Past, Present, and Future”. Paper prepared for distribution at the Premier Industries, Inc./Insulfoam Division and Polar Supply Company, Inc. Seminar on Design Issues Related to Geofoam in Arctic Applications, Anchorage, Ak., U.S.A. (1997).

D-9 Horvath, J. S., “Geofoam Geosynthetic: An Overview of the Past, Present, and Future”. Paper prepared for distribution at the Manhattan College Civil Engineering Day, Bronx, N.Y., U.S.A. (1997). Horvath, J. S., "Geofoam Activities: Projects in South America and a New WWW URL". IGS News, International Geosynthetics Society, Vol. 13, No. 3 (1998) pp. 9-10. Horvath, J. S., editorial letter. Civil Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Va., U.S.A., Vol. 68, No. 6 (1998) p. 33. Horvath, J. S., “Designing with Geofoam Geosynthetic”. Notes prepared for participants at an American Society of Civil Engineers continuing education seminar, Atlanta, Ga., U.S.A. (1999). Horvath, J. S., “Designing with Geofoam Geosynthetic”. Notes prepared for participants at an American Society of Civil Engineers continuing education seminar, South San Francisco, Calif., U.S.A. (1999). Horvath, J. S., “Lessons Learned from Failures Involving Geofoam in Roads and Embankments". Research Report No. CE/GE-99-1, Manhattan College, Bronx, N.Y., U.S.A. (1999). Horvath, J. S., “Technical Issues for Designing with and Marketing EPS Geofoam”. Notes prepared for distribution to attendees at a confidential presentation to industry, U.S.A. (1999). Horvath, J. S., “Designing with Geofoam Geosynthetic”. Notes prepared for participants at the Polyfoam Packers Corporation/American Society of Civil Engineers continuing education seminar, Glenview, Ill., U.S.A. (1999).

D-10 Horvath, J. S., “Geofoam Geosynthetic: An Overview of the Past and Present, and a View into the Future”. Paper prepared for distribution to participants at the Effective Roadway Design and Maintenance with Geosynthetics short course, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Department of Engineering Professional Development, Madison, Wis., U.S.A. (1999). Horvath, J. S., “Geofoam Geosynthetic: An Overview of the Past and Present, and a View into the Future”. Paper prepared for distribution to participants at the Effective Engineering Approaches for Construction with Geosynthetics on Soft Soils and Waste Materials short course, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Department of Engineering Professional Development, Madison, Wis., U.S.A. (1999). Horvath, J. S., “Designing with Geofoam Geosynthetic”. Notes prepared for participants at the American Society of Civil Engineers/Branch River Foam Plastics, Inc. continuing education seminar, Randolph, Mass., U.S.A. (1999). Koerner, R. M., "Progress in Geosynthetics". Proceedings - Geosynthetics 95, Industrial Fabrics Association International, St. Paul, Minn., U.S.A. (1995) pp. 1-11. Koerner, R. M., “Designing with Geosynthetics”. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J., U.S.A., 4th edition (1998). Koerner, R. M. and Soong, T.-Y., “The Evolution of Geosynthetics”. Civil Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Va., U.S.A., Vol. 67, No. 7 (1997) pp. 62-64.

D-11 Leaversuch, R. D., "EPS Foam Builds New Roles in Construction Sector". Modern Plastics (1994). Mits, T. C., editorial letter. Civil Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Va., U.S.A., Vol. 68, No. 7 (1998) p. 37. Negussey, D., “Properties & Applications of Geofoam”. Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc., Washington, D.C., U.S.A. (1996) 22 pp. Negussey, D., “Putting Polystyrene to Work”. Civil Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Va., U.S.A., Vol. 68, No. 3 (1998) pp. 65-67. Negussey, D., editorial letter. Civil Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Va., U.S.A., Vol. 68, No. 11 (1998) pp. 8-9. "PS-Hardschuim voor Weg- en Waterbouw". Stybenex: Vereniging van Fabrikanten van PS- Hardschuim, Enschede, The Netherlands (undated). "Quarter Century Experience Gains Recognition for 'Geofoams'". Plastics in Building Construction, Vol. 17, No. 6 (1993) p. 8. “Revolucionará la Ingenieria Civil”. El Constructor, Montevideo, Uruguay (1996) p. 31. Tsukamoto, H., “Technical Exchange with Overseas”. In EDO - The 10th Anniversary, EPS Construction Method Development Organization, Tokyo, Japan (1996) 7 pp.

D-12 "The Final Report of International Symposium on EPS Construction Method". EPS Construction Method Development Organization, Tokyo, Japan (undated) 161 pp. (in English and Japanese). “Una Espuma Resistente y Ecológia para Suelos Blandos o Anegadizos”. La Nueva Construccion, No. 2, Buenos Aires, Argentina (1997) pp. 44-47. Williams, M. F. and Williams, B. L., "Standards Development for Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS)". Standardization News, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.A., Vol. 20, No. 11 (1992) pp. 54-61. D.3 MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND CONSTITUTIVE MODELING Athanasopoulos, G. A., Pelekis, P. C. and Xenaki, V. C., "Dynamic Properties of EPS Geofoam: An Experimental Investigation". Geosynthetics International, Industrial Fabrics Association International, Roseville, Minn., U.S.A., Vol. 6, No. 3 (1999) pp. 171-194. Bartholomew, C. L., "An Investigation of the Usage of Recycled Polystyrene Foam (EPS)". Research report submitted to ARCO Chemical Company, Widener University, Department of Civil Engineering, West Chester, Pa., U.S.A. (1992). Bartlett, P. A. Letter report to unnamed customer, ARCO Chemical Company, Newtown Square, Pa., U.S.A., September 11 (1986). Bartlett, P. A., "Expanded Polystyrene Scrap Recovery & Recycling". Report, ARCO Chemical Company (undated).

D-13 Coughanour, R. B., "Pentane Issue". Presentation at the 16th Annual SPI Expanded Polystyrene Division Conference, San Diego, Calif., U.S.A. (1988). Duškov, M., "Materials Research on Expanded Polystyrene Foam (EPS)". Research report, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands (1993). Duškov, M., "Materials Research on Expanded Polystyrene Foam (EPS)". Report No. 7-94-211- 2, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands (1994). Duškov, M., "Materials Research on EPS20 and EPS15 Under Representative Conditions in Pavement Structures". Geotextiles and Geomembranes, Elsevier Science Ltd., London, U.K., Vol. 15, Nos. 1-3 (1997) pp. 147-181. Eriksson, L. and Tränk, R., "Properties of Expanded Polystyrene - Laboratory Experiments". In Expanded Polystyrene as Light Fill Material; Technical Visit around Stockholm - June 19, 1991, Swedish Geotechnical Institute, Linköping, Sweden (1991). Horvath, J. S., discussion of "A Comparison of Some Engineering Properties of EPS to Soils" by D. Negussey and M. Jahanandish, preprint paper No. 930216. Transportation Research Board 72nd Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. (1993). Horvath, J. S., "Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Properties for Geotechnical Engineering Applications". Preprint paper, International Geotechnical Symposium on Polystyrene Foam in Below-Grade Applications, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. (1994).

D-14 Horvath, J. S., "Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Properties for Geotechnical Engineering Applications". In "Proceedings; International Geotechnical Symposium on Polystyrene Foam in Below-Grade Applications; March 30, 1994; Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A.", Research Report No. CE/GE-94-1, J. S. Horvath (ed.), Manhattan College, Bronx, N.Y., U.S.A. (1994). Horvath, J. S., "Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Geofoam: An Introduction to Material Behavior". Geotextiles and Geomembranes, Elsevier Science Ltd., London, U.K., Vol. 13, No. 4 (1994) pp. 263-280. Horvath, J. S., "The Compressive Strength of Geofoam Materials: What Does It Really Mean?”. Paper prepared for distribution at the Premier Industries, Inc./Insulfoam Division and Polar Supply Company, Inc. Seminar on Design Issues Related to Geofoam in Arctic Applications, Fairbanks, Ak., U.S.A. (1997). Horvath, J. S., "Constitutive Modeling of the Stress-Strain-Time Behavior of Geosynthetics Using the Findley Equation: General Theory and Application to EPS-Block Geofoam”. Paper prepared for distribution at the Premier Industries, Inc./Insulfoam Division and Polar Supply Company, Inc. Seminar on Design Issues Related to Geofoam in Arctic Applications, Fairbanks, Ak., U.S.A. (1997). Horvath, J. S., "The Thermal Behavior of Geofoam Materials: What Do We Really Know?”. Paper prepared for distribution at the Premier Industries, Inc./Insulfoam Division and Polar Supply Company, Inc. Seminar on Design Issues Related to Geofoam in Arctic Applications, Fairbanks, Ak., U.S.A. (1997).

D-15 Horvath, J. S., "The Compressive Strength of Geofoam Materials: What Does It Really Mean?”. Paper prepared for distribution at the Premier Industries, Inc./Insulfoam Division and Polar Supply Company, Inc. Seminar on Design Issues Related to Geofoam in Arctic Applications, Anchorage, Ak., U.S.A. (1997). Horvath, J. S. "Constitutive Modeling of the Stress-Strain-Time Behavior of Geosynthetics Using the Findley Equation: General Theory and Application to EPS-Block Geofoam”. Paper prepared for distribution at the Premier Industries, Inc./Insulfoam Division and Polar Supply Company, Inc. Seminar on Design Issues Related to Geofoam in Arctic Applications, Anchorage, Ak., U.S.A. (1997). Horvath, J. S. "The Thermal Behavior of Geofoam Materials: What Do We Really Know?”. Paper prepared for distribution at the Premier Industries, Inc./Insulfoam Division and Polar Supply Company, Inc. Seminar on Design Issues Related to Geofoam in Arctic Applications, Anchorage, Ak., U.S.A. (1997). Horvath, J. S., “Mathematical Modeling of the Stress-Strain-Time Behavior of Geosynthetics Using the Findley Equation: General Theory and Application to EPS-Block Geofoam". Research Report No. CE/GE-98-3, Manhattan College, Bronx, N.Y., U.S.A. (1998). Järvelä, P., Sarlin, J., Järvelä, P. and Törmälä, P., "A New Method to Measure the Fusion Strength between Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) beads". Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 21 (1986) pp. 3139-3142.

D-16 Magnan, J.-P. and Serratrice, J.-F., "Propriétés Mécaniques du Polystyrène Expansé pour ses Applications en Remblai Routier". Bulletin liaison Laboratoire Ponts et Chaussées, 164, Laboratoire Central Ponts et Chaussées, Paris, France (1989) pp. 25-31. Makiuchi, K. and Minegishi, K., "Compressive and Frictional Characteristics of Lightweight Fill Material EPS". Twenty-Third National Conference of the Japanese Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering (1987) pp. 1975-1976 (in Japanese). Makiuchi, K. and Minegishi, K., "Deformational Characteristics of Light Fill Material EPS under Repetitive Loads". Twenty-Fourth National Conference of the Japanese Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering (1988) pp. 41-42 (in Japanese). Makiuchi, K. and Minegishi, K., "Yielding Characteristics of Lightweight Fill Material EPS Subjected to Compressive Stresses". Twenty-Fifth National Conference of the Japanese Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering (1989) pp. 2115-2116 (in Japanese). McAffee, R. P., "Geofoam as Lightweight Embankment Fill". Senior-project report submitted to the University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B., Canada (1993). Negussey, D. and Jahanandish, M., "A Comparison of Some Engineering Properties of EPS to Soils". Preprint paper No. 930216, Transportation Research Board 72nd Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. (1993). Preber, T., Bang, S., Chung, Y. and Cho, Y., "Behavior of Expanded Polystyrene Blocks". Transportation Research Record No. 1462, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. (1994) pp. 36-46.

D-17 Sarlin, J., Järvelä, P., Järvelä, P. and Törmälä, P., "The Inhomogeneity Inside a Block of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS)". Plastics and Rubber Processing and Applications, Vol. 6, No. 1 (1986) pp. 43-49. Throne, J. L., "Thermoplastic Foams". Sherwood Publishers, Hinckley, Ohio, U.S.A. (1996). Yasuda, Y., Murata, O. and Tateyama, M., "Repeated Load Test of Lightweight Fill Materials EPS". Twenty-Fourth National Conference of the Japanese Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering (1988) pp. 45-46 (in Japanese). D.4 LIGHTWEIGHT FILL APPLICATIONS D.4.1 General Aabøe, R., "Norwegian Roads on Foam Fill". Norwegian Road Research Laboratory, Oslo, Norway (undated). Aabøe, R., "Plastic Foam in Road Embankments". Våre Veger, Norway (1981). Aabøe, R., "Plastic Foam in Road Embankments". Ground Engineering, Thomas Telford Ltd., London, U.K., Vol. 19, No. 1 (1986) pp. 30-31. Aabøe, R., "13 Years of Experience with EPS as a Lightweight Fill Material in Road Embankments". Publication No. 61, Norwegian Road Research Laboratory, Oslo, Norway (1987) pp. 21-27.

D-18 Aabøe, R., "Euroroad E18 in Vestfold". Proceedings of the June 21, 1991 Seminar on the Use of EPS in Road Construction, Norwegian Road Research Laboratory, Oslo, Norway (1991). Aabøe, R., "Deformasjonsegenskaper og Spenningsforhold i Fyllinger av EPS". Intern raport Nr. 1645, Norwegian Road Research Laboratory, Oslo, Norway (1993) 22 pp. Aoyama, N., "Earth Pressure Test of Retaining Wall Using EPS as Backfilling Material". The Foundation Engineering and Equipment, Vol. 18 (1990) pp. 21-25 (in Japanese). Arai, N., Yokoyama, M. and Tamura, H., “EPS Embankment in Construction Road for 32 Ton Dump Trucks at Gassan Dam”. Proceedings of the International Symposium on EPS Construction Method (EPS Tokyo ‘96), EPS Construction Method Development Organization, Tokyo, Japan (1996) pp. 129-139. Bang, S., Preber, T. and Cho, Y., "Evaluation of Expanded Polystyrene Block Bridge Backfill by Finite Element Method of Analysis". Proceedings of the 31st Annual Geological and Geotechnical Symposium, J. A. Caliendo (ed.), Utah State University, Logan, Utah, U.S.A. (1995) pp. 96-102. Bartlett, S. F., "Research Initiatives for Monitoring Long Term Performance of I-15 Embankments, Salt Lake City, Utah". Proceedings of the 34th Symposium on Engineering Geology & Geotechnical Engineering, J. A. Bay (ed.), Utah State University, U.S.A. (1999) pp. 54-67.

D-19 Beinbrech, G., “Current Status of Geofoam Construction Method in Germany”. Proceedings of the International Symposium on EPS Construction Method (EPS Tokyo ‘96), EPS Construction Method Development Organization, Tokyo, Japan (1996) pp. 117-127. Beinbrech, G. and Hillman, R., "EPS in Road Construction - Current Situation in Germany”. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, Elsevier Science Ltd., London, U.K., Vol. 15, Nos. 1-3 (1997) pp. 39-57. Briaud, J.-L., James, R. W. and Hoffman, S. B. "Settlement of Bridge Approaches (The Bump at the End of the Bridge)". Synthesis of Highway Practice 234, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. (1997) 75 pp. Bull-Wasser, R., "EPS - Hartschaum als Baustoff für Straßen". Berichte der Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen - Straßenbau Heft S4, Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany (1993). Carlsten, P., "Vertical Wall Made from Expanded Polystyrene - An Alternative to a Conventional Retaining Wall". In Expanded Polystyrene as Light Fill Material; Technical Visit around Stockholm - June 19, 1991, Swedish Geotechnical Institute, Linköping, Sweden (1991). Chang, Y. C., “The Numerical Analysis and Field Measurement of EPS Embankment”. Proceedings of the International Symposium on EPS Construction Method (EPS Tokyo ‘96), EPS Construction Method Development Organization, Tokyo, Japan (1996) pp. 149-160.

D-20 Cho, S. D., Kim, J. M., Woo, J. Y. and Choi, J. D., “Behavior of Vertical Wall System Using EPS Blocks”. Proceedings of the International Symposium on EPS Construction Method (EPS Tokyo ‘96), EPS Construction Method Development Organization, Tokyo, Japan (1996) pp. 169-177. Coleman, T. A., "Polystyrene Foam is Competitive, Lightweight Fill". Civil Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, N.Y., U.S.A., Vol. 44, No. 2 (1974) pp. 68-69. "Composite Modules Make Golf Green Float". ENR, December 3 (1990) p. 20. Corbet, S. P. and Mobbs, C. J., “EPS Fill in the Dovercourt Bypass Embankment”. Proceedings of the International Symposium on EPS Construction Method (EPS Tokyo ‘96), EPS Construction Method Development Organization, Tokyo, Japan (1996) pp. 141-148. Crawford, C. B., Fannin, R. J. and Kern, C. B., "Embankment Failures at Vernon, British Columbia". Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 32, No. 2 (1995) pp. 271-284. Dahlberg, R. G. and Refsdal, G., "Polystyrene Foam for Lightweight Road Embankments". Proceedings of the PIARC XVIth World Road Congress, Permanent International Association of Road Congresses (1979). Dahlberg, R. G. and Refsdal, G., "Polystyrene Foam for Lightweight Road Embankments". Publication No. 53, Norwegian Road Research Laboratory, Oslo, Norway (1981) pp. 27-33. Dorp, T., “Building on EPS Geofoam in the ‘Low-Lands’ - Experience in The Netherlands”. Proceedings of the International Symposium on EPS Construction Method (EPS Tokyo ‘96), EPS Construction Method Development Organization, Tokyo, Japan (1996) pp. 59-69.

D-21 Duškov, M., "Use of Expanded Polystyrene Foam (EPS) in Flexible Pavements on Poor Subgrades". Proceedings of the International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering for Coastal Development - Theory and Practice, Yokohama, Japan (1991) pp. 783-788. Duškov, M., "Influence of an EPS Sub-Base on the Pavement Structure's Behaviour". Proceedings of the International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering for Coastal Development - Theory and Practice, Yokohama, Japan (1991) p. 1163. Duškov, M., "Measurements on Concrete Block Pavement Structures with an EPS Sub-Base". Research report, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands (1993). Duškov, M., "DIANA Non-Linear Analysis of Pavement Structures with an EPS Sub-Base Under Static Loading". Report No. 7-94-211-3, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands (1994). Duškov, M., "Measurements on Concrete Block Pavement Structures with an EPS Sub-Base". Report No. 7-94-211-4, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands (1994). Duškov, M., "Measurements on a Flexible Pavement Structure with an EPS Sub-Base". Report No. 7-94-211-5, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands (1994). Duškov, M., "EPS as a Light Weight Sub-Base Material in Pavement Structures; Final Report". Report No. 7-94-211-6, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands (1994).

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